11 




I 




Class _ri2j:L- 

■Book _-2 

Copyright )^° 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 






Historical Pqgeant 




September 25 to October 9 

1909 





l^^x Redfield Brothers Inc. ^^^\ 
T\^&^^ Authorized FViblishers %^W^ 



i»i 



vim 311-319 West 43s St.. NewYork 




^ni^on^fnlton Celebration Commission 

Apixjinted by the Governor of the State of New York and the Mayor of the City of New York 
and Incorporated by Chapter 325 of the Laws of 1906 



(C)SILP^^ 


lyo 


n. « 2 47 4 


i() 


SEP 7 


1909 



HEADQrARTKRS: Tribiine BrTi.nixc., Xkw York 



(&Sittt& of t\)t Commi0fi(ton 

President 

Gen. Stewart L. Woodford, iS Wall Street, New York 



Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Herman Riddkr, Presiding \'ice-Preiident, 1S2 
Mr. Andrew Carnegie 
Hon. Joseph H. Choate 
Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U.S.A. 
Hon. Seth Low 
Mr. J. PiERPONT Morgan 



Hon. Le\i P. Morton 
Hon. Alton B. Parker 
Mr. John E. Parsons 
Gen. Horace Porter 



Mr. 



Treasurer 

Isaac N. Skmcman, \o. i William Street, New York 



William Street, New York 

Hon. Frederick W. Seward 
Mr. Francis Lynue Stetson 
Hon. Oscar S. Straus 
Mr. Wm. B. \'an Rensselaf.r 
Gen. Jas. Grant \\ilson 



Secretary 

Coi,. Henry W. Sackett 
Tribune Building, New York 



Assistant Secretary 

Dr. Edward Hagaman Hali. 
Tribune Building, New York 



Commtssioncrflf 



The narilos of Trustees are set in ilulics. 

The names of the Mayors of the forty-seven cities of the Stale, who are members of ihe Commission and 
Trustees by virtue of their office, are designated thus (*). 

The names of the Presidents of thirty-eight incorporated villages along the Hudson River wlio ar( mem- 
bers of the Commission by virtue of their office are designated thus (t). 



Mr. .\braham .Abraham 
*Hon. James N . Adam 
Mr. Edward D. Adams 
Mr. Herbert .Adams 
Mr. William P. Adams 
Mr. \\illiam A. .Adriance 
Hon. John G. Agar 
Mr. Richard B. Aldcrottt, Jr. 
Mr. .Alphonse H. .Alker 
Hon. Jotham P. A lids 
Hon. P'rederick H. Allen 
Mr. B. .Altman 
Mr. Louis Annin Ames 
Hon. .Arthur L. .Andrews 
Hon. John E. .Andrus 
Hon. James K. A pRnr 
Mr. John D. Arthbold 
Mr. Charles H. Armatage 
*Hon. James C. .irmslrong 
Col. John Jacob .\slor 
Mrs. .Anson P. Atterbury 
Hon. D. S. Avery 
Dr. Gorham Bacon 
Mr. (leorge 1". Baer 

Mr. I'rank N. Bain 

Col. Andrew D. Baird 

Mr. George F. Baker 

\Ir. Geo. Wm. Ballou 

Hon. Theodore M. Banta 

Mr. James Barnes 

Mr. Richard S. Barrett 

*non. John C. Parrv 

Dr. George C. Ba/rhcller. 

Mr. George W. Batten 

Con.'ilr. Urn. J. Pa.x'er, U.S.X. 

I)r. James C. Baylcs 

Hon. James .1/. Seek 

*Hon. F. fieebe 

Mr. .\i'g!isl B-tmon/ 

tHon. M. S. Bellzhoover 

.\fr. Russell Benediel 

Dr. Marcus Benjamin 

Mr. lames Gordon Bennett 

Mr. 'Tunis G. Bergen 

Hon. William Berri 

Mr. William G Besler 

Hon. John Bigclow 

Hon. Frank S. Black 

Hon. E. W. Bloomingdale 



(Revised to .August 2,5. loog) 

Mr. Emil L. Boas 

Mr. Henry L. Bogert . 

Mr. Daniel G. Boissevain 

Mr. G. Louis Boissevain 

Mr. George C. Boldt 

Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton 

Hon. David A. Boodv 

Mr. M. C. D. Borden 

Hon. A. J. Boullon 

Mr. Alexander F. Bouvel 

Mr. George Sullivan Bowdoin 

Hon. Thomas W. Bradley 

Hon. John J . Brady 

Hon. William T. Briggs 

Com. Herbert L. Bridgman 

Mr. George V. Brower 

Dr. E. Parmly Brown 

Hon. George L. Brown 

Hon. George 11'. Brown 

Mr. \ernon H. Brown 

Mr.William (". Brown 

Hon. ,U. Linn Bruce 

Mr. Edward P. Bryan 
tHon. Wm. P. Bugbee 

Mr. Charles N. Bulger 

Mr. William L. Bull 

Mr. Henry P. Burgard 

Hon. John H. Burke 

.Mr. ( ornelius F. Burns 

tHon. ClilTord Hush 

Mr. Henrv K. Bush-Brown 

Hon. E. H. Butler 

President Nicholas Murrav Butler 

Hon. J. Rider -Culv ■ 

Mr. John F. Caldjr', 

Hon. James H.« Cvillanan 

Mr. William M. Cameron 

.Mr. Henry W. Cannon 

Hon. Jacob A. Cantor 

Mr. Herbert Carl 

Hon. George H. Carley 

*Hon. Samuel .1 Carlson 

Mr. .-{ndrew Carnegie 

Gen. Howard Carroll 

Prof. J. McKeen Cattell 

Mr. John J. Cavanagh 

Mr. Robert W. Chanler 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate 



Hon. Phihp J. Christ 

Mr. John Clallin 

Mr. Robert S. Clark 

.Sir Caspar Purdon (. larkc 

Mr. John L. Clarke 

tHon. J. H. Clarkson 

Hon. George C. Clau.sen 

Hon. -A. T. Clearwater 

Mr. Henry Clews 

Hon. Edward E. Coalsworlh 

Rev. Edward B. Coe, D.D. 

Mr. Charles A. Coffin 

Hon. Morris Cohn 

Mr C. Glen Cole 

Mr. I-rederick J. Collier 

Mr. William J. Conners 

Mr. Cesare Conli 

Mr. E. C. Converse 

Mr. Walter Cook 

Mr. Robert Grier Cooke 

*Hon. Charles IF. Cool 

Mr. Frank Cooper 

Mr. Charles F. Cossum 

Mr. \\'illiam Coverly 

Mr. Frederick Coykendall 

Hon. John H. Coyne 

*Hon. IF. P. Crane 

Rev. Robt. Fulton Crary, D.D. 

Mr. Robt. Fulton Crarv, Jr. 

Mr. Paul D. Cravalh 

Mr. John B. Creighton 

Hon. John D. Crimmins 

Hon. George Cromwell 

Mr. Frederick R. Cruikshank 

Mr. Morris Cukor 

Mr. George A. Cullen 

Mr 1^. I). Cummings 

Hon. James P. Cunningham 

Mr. \Villiam J . Curlis 

Mr. Robert Fulton Cutting 

Mr. Frederick B. Dalzell 

Gen. I'ranclyn E. Davis 

Mr Howland Shijipcn Davis 

*Hon Jacob H. Dealy 

Hon. Robert W . de Forest 

Hon. Charles de Kay 

Mr. John Ross Delalicld 

Mr. Joseph L. Delal'ield 



Copyrij-lit, IWIO. l.y Ihe Hii 



Mr. James dc la Montanye 

Mr. Elias .S. A. de Lima 

Mr. William C. Demorest 

Hon. Cliauncey M. Dcpew 

Mr. Edward DeWitt 

Mr. George G. DeWilt 

Hon. John Diempr 

tHon. John H. Dingman 

Hon. John .\. Dix 

Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge 

Mr. Philip T, Dodge 

Mr. A. W. Dodsworth 

Mr. L. F. Dommerich 

Mr. Henry H. Doremus 

*Hon. Edward \V . Douglas 

Dr. James Douglas 

*Hon. .Anthony C. Douglass 

Hon. Reginald S. DouU 

Hon, Charles M. Dow 

Hon. Frank L. Dowling 

Hon. Robert F. Downing 

Hon. .Andrew S. Draper 

Hon. William Draper 

Hon. John F. Dryden 

Capt. Charles .A. DuBois 

tHon. John P. Dugan 

Hon. John Duignan 

Mr. \Vm. Butler Duncan, Sr. 

Com. \Vm. Butler Duncan, Jr. 

Mr. John C. Eames 

Hon. Fred R. Easton 

*Hon. Hiram H . Edgerlon 

Mr. George Ehret 

Mr. Henry L. Einstein 

*Hon. Meyer Einstein 

Hon. Charles A. Elliott 

Hon. Philip Elting 

Mr. Matthew C. Ely 

Mr. Robert Erskine Ely 

Hon. Smith Ely 

Mr. John M. Emery 

Dr. Thomas .Addis Emmet 

Mr. William Temple Emmelt 

Hon. .Arthur English 

Mr. Charles Ericsson 

Hon. C. M. Estell 

Mr. Paul Faguet 

Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild 

Most Rev. John M. Farley 

Mr. William W. Farley 

Hon. J . Sloat Fassetl 

Mr. Barr Ferree 

Mr. George A. Ferris 

Mr. Morris P. Ferris 

President John H. Finlcy 

Mr. Thomas W. Finucane 

Mr. Sluyvesant Fish 

*Hon. Louis T. Fisk 

Hon. Edwin W. Fiske 

Mr. Theodore Fitch 

Mr. Winchester Fitch 

Hon. James J. Fitzgerald 

Mr. Frederick S. Flower 

Hon. George B. Fluhrer 

Hon. Patrick F. Flynn 

*Hon. Alan C. Fobcs 

*Hon. Wm. Follette 

Mr. Charles H. Ford 

Hon. Joseph M. Fowler 

Mr. Thomas Powell Fowler 

Mr. Austen G. Fo.x 

Hon. William H. Fox 

Hon. Charles S. Francis 

Com. W. B. Franklin 

Hon. James J. Frawley 

Mr. Henry C. Frick 

tHon. John Fridge 

Hon. Daniel D. Frisbie 

*Hon. C. .4 . Frost 

Mr. Frank L. Frugone 

Lieut. Com. .4. B. Fry 

Mr. George Gardiner Fry 

Mr. Henry Fuehrer 

Mr. Louis P. Fuhrmann 

Mr. Frank S. Gardner 

Hon. Garret J. Garretson 

Hon. Elbert H. Gary 

Hon. Charles H. Gaus 

Mr. Jacob Gerling 

Mr. William Gibson 

Hon. Peter M. Giles 

Hon. Theodore P. Gilman 

Mr. Adrian Gips 



€ommisi6iontts— Continued 

Mr. Robert Walton Goclct 

Mr. Henry J. Goggin 

Dr. Elgin R. L. Gould 

Mr. George J. Gould 

Mr. Henry Gourde 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U.S..i. 

Hon. William J. Gratlan 

Hon. John T. Graves 

Capt. Richard H. Greene 

Mr. Benedict J. Greenhut 

Rt. Rev. David H. Greer, D.D. 

Mr. George F. Gregory 

Mr. Henry E. Gregory 

Mr. T. Greidanus 

Hon. John W. Griggs 

Mr. Wallace P. Groom 

tHon. John Gross 

Hon. Edward M. Grout 

Hon. J. H. Gunner 

Hon. John D. Gunther 

Mr. Abner S. Haight 

Dr. Edward Hagaman Hall 

Mr. H. A. HaUett 

Mr. Benjamin F. Hamilton 

*Hon. M. D. Hanson 

Mr. Robert J. Harding 

Hon. Edward O. Harkness 

Mr. William B. Harper 

Mr. Edward H. Harriman 

Hon. L J. Harrington 

Mr. W. R. Harrison 

Mr. William Hartfield 

Hon. H. S. Harvey 

Hon. Gilbert D. B. Hasbrouck 

tHon. John M. Hasbrouck 

Hon. Karl M. HaskLns 

*Hon. Eugene J. Hauratlo 

Mr. Arthur H. Hearn 

Mr. George .4 . Hearn 

Mr. Thomas P. Heffernan 

Mr. Chas. E. Heitman 

Mr. Theodore Henninger 

Col. William Hester 

Mr. Peter Cooper Hewitt 

tHon. C. W. Higley 

Hon. Warren Higley 

Hon. David B. Hill 

Mr. James J. Hill 

Mr. Thos. J. Hillery 

Hon. Michael H, Hirschberg 

Mr. James Hoare 

Mr. Samuel Verplanck Hoffman 

Mr. James P. Holland 

Mr. Michael Holloran 

Mr. Willis Holly 

Mr. William Homan 

Mr. William C. Hope 

*Hon. Randolph Horton 

*Hon. Benjamin Howe 

Hon. Henry E. Howland 

Mr. Colgate Hoyt 

Dr. LeRoy W. Hubbard 

Gen. Thomas H . Hubbard 

Hon. Henry Hudson 

Mr. WalterG. Hudson 

tHon. John L. Hughes 

*Hon. Francis M . Hugo 

Mr. William T. Hunt 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington 

Mr. T. D. Hun'.ling 

Mr. Winfield A. Huppuch 

Mr. Walter L. Hutchins 

Mr. .4 ugust F. Jaccaci 

Hon. Jesse Jacobs 

Mr. .Arthur Curtiss James 

Mr. Harry B. James 

Col. William Jay 

Mr. Alexander E. Johnson 

Mr. Elias M. Johnson 

Mr. Henry L. Joyce 

tHon. Roswell S. Judson 

Mr. Carl W. Jungen 

tHon. Irving J. Justus 

Mr. Jacob Katz 

Mr. Gustave Kaufmann 

Hon. James E. Kelley 

Hon. John P. Kelly 

Hon. William P. Kenneally 

Hon. Francis P. Kenney 

Mr. Joseph Keppler 

Mr. James Kernev 

*Hon. .Albert R. Kessinger 

Hon. George F. Ketchum 




Gen. Horatio C. King 

Mr. F. D. Kingsbury 

Mr. David M. Kinnear 

Mr. .Albert E. Kleinert 

*Hon. C. .August Koenig 

Hon. Henry Kohl 

Hon. Lewis W. Korn 

Dr. George' F. Kunz 

Dr. John LaFarge 

Mr. Charlcf R. Lamb 

Mr. Frederick S. Lamb 

Gen. Austin Lathrop 

*Hon. Robert Lawrence 

Mr. Homer Lee 

Hon. Thomas H. Lee 

Mr. Charles W. Lefler 

Dr. Henry .\I. Leipziger 

Mr. Clarence E. Leonard 

Hon. Wm. Pryor Letchworth 

Mr. Abraham Levy 

Hon. Clarence Lexow 

Hon. Gustav Lindenthal 

Mr. Herman Livingston 

Mr. John Henry Livingston 

Hon. William Loeb, Jr. 

Mr. E. E. Loomis 

Hon. Chester S. Lord 

Hon. Phineas C. Lounsbury 

Hon. William H. Lovell 

Hon. Seth Low 

Mr. R. Fulton Ludlow 

Mr. Hart Lyman 

tHon. Thomas Lynch 

Col. .Arthur Mac. Arthur 

Chancellor Henry M. MacCracken 

Mr. D. MacDougall 

Mr. Robert J. MacFarland 

Mr. CresweU MacLaughlin 

Mr. P. F. Magrath 

Hon. William A. Mallery 

*Hon. W. H. Mandeville 

*Hon. Elias P. Mann 

Mr. William A. Marble 

Dr. T. Commerford Martin 

tHon. Wm. S. Massoneau 

Mr. George E. Matthews 

Hon. Wm. G. McAdoo 

Hon. P. F. McAllister 

Mr. Patrick E. McCabe 

Hon. Henry J. McCann 

Hon. William McCarroll 

*Hon. George B. .McClellan 

*Hon. Benjamin McClung 

Hon. R. E. McConneU 

Gen. Anson G. McCook ' 

Col. John J. McCook 

Hon. Charles J. McCormick 

Mr. Donald McDonald 

Hon. J. C. McDonald 

tHon. Charles McElroy 

Hon. Patrick F. McGowan 

Mr. William J. .McKay 

Mr. John J. McKelvey 

Hon. St. Clair McKelway 

Mr. .Andrew McLean 

Mr. Arthur A. McLean 

tHon. John McLindon 

*Hon. Thomas .A. McNamara 

Hon. John H. Meehan 

Rear Admiral G. W. Melville. V.S.N. 

Rev. H. Pereira Mendes, D.D. 

Hon. August Merrill 

Hon. E. A. Merritt, Jr. 

Hon. John G. Milhurn 

Hon. Frank V". Millard 

Capt. Jacob W. Miller 

Hon. W'arner Miller 

Mr. Frank D. Millet 

Brig.-Gen. A. L. MiUs, U.S.A. 

Mr. Ogden Mills 

Mr. Ogden Livingston Mills 

*Hon. George H . Minard 

Mr. Francis J. MoUoy 

*Hon. W. B. Mooers 

Mr. Eugene F. Moran 

Mr. Thomas E. Moran 

Hon. -A. D. Morgan 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan 

Hon Fordham Morris 

Hon. Levi P. Morton 

Hon. Howard T. Mosher 

Mr. Dennis Moynehan 

Hon. John J. F. Mulcahy 



Mr. K. M. Murchcson 

Capt. Joseph H. Murdoch, U.S.N. 

Hon. Arthur H. Murphy 

Hon. Franklin .Murphy 

Hon. James E. Murphy 

Hon. M. J. Murray 

Mr. Oscar G. Murray 

Mr. William C. Musihinhtim 

tHon. W. H. Myers 

Hon. Pcrcival E. XaKle 

Mr. Xathan Xewman 

tHon. Frank Nichols 

Mr. Henry O. Nickcrson 

Mr. Charles H Niehaus 

.Mr. Luihcig Nissen 

Hon. Lewis Xi.xon 

Mr. Charles R. Norman 

Mr. George L. Norton 

Mr. Charles J . Nunan 

Hon. John D. Oakley, Jr. 

Hon. John O'Brien 

Hon. .Morgan J. O'Brien 

Mr. .Vdolph S. Ochs 

Hon. Benj. B. Odell, Jr. 

Mr. William R. O'lJonovan 

Col. Willis L. Ogilen 

Mr. Ehai /•;. Oh-ott 

Mr. Marvin Olcolt 

Hon. A. C. Olp 

Prof. Henry l'"airfiel(l Osborn 

Air. William Church Osborn 

Mr. Percy B. O'Sullivan 

Hon. .lllon B. Parker 

Mr. Orrel A. Parker 

Hon. Herbert Parsons 

Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Samuel Parsons 

Mr. Samuel H. Parsons 

Dr. Edward L. Partridge 

tHon. A. M. Patrick 

Mr. Harry S. Patten 

Hon. Louis S. Paul 

Commander R. E. Pearv, U.S.N. 

Mr. Bayard L. Peck 

Hon. George W. Peck 

Mr. Gordon H. Peck 

Hon. George 11'. Perkins 

Hon. R. E. Perkins 

Mr. Ralph Peters 

tHon. \Vm. H. Phibbs 

Hon. N. Taylor Phillips 

Hon. Samuel K. Phillips 

Mr. \Vm. H.. Pleasants 

Mr. George .\. Plimpton 

Mr. Walter B Pollock 

Mr. Fred Porsth 

J^r. Eugene H . Porter 

Gen. Horace Porter 

tHon. E. L. Post 

tHon. Clarence V,. Powell 

*Hon. Richard M . Prangen 

Mr. Frank Presbrey 

Hon. John IJ. Prince 

Hon. Thomas R. Proctor 

Hon. Cornelius ,1. Pugsley 

*Hon. Edward Quirk 

Mr. Louis C. Raegener 

Mr. William F. Rafferty 

Hon. John Raines 

Mr. John H. Ramsay 

*Hon. George G. Raymond 

Mr. Norman B. Ream 

Hon. James W. Redmond 

Mr. Frank B. Reese 

Mr. James B. Regan 

Hon. David S. Rendt 

Mr. Eugene L. Richards, Jr 

Mr. (Jscar L. Richards 

Mr. Herman Ridder 

tHon. John Riordan 

Mr. Edward Robinson 

Mr. John D. Rockefeller 

Mr. William Rockejelkr 

*Hon. W. J. Rockejeller 

Maj. Gen. Charles /•". Roe 

Mr. Carl J. Roehr 

Mr. Louis T. Romaine 

Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt 

Hon. F;iihu Root. 

*Hon. .Arthur P. Rose 

tHon. Louis Rosenkranz 

Mr. Albert B. Rossdale 

tHon. A. Rowc 



Commigsfioncr0— c (>«//>;m/ 

Hon. George H. Rovve 

Mr. Stephen Ryan 

Mr. Thomas E. Kvan 

Col. Henry W. Sacketl 

Mrs. Russel Sage 

*Hon. John A'. Sague 

Col. William Cary Sanger 

*Hon. .1. B. Santry 

Mr. George Henrv Sargent 

Col. Herbert L. Salterlee 

Hon. W.J. Saunders 

Mr. John Scanlon 

Hon. J. D. Scanlon 

Lieut. Col. Arthur F. Schermerhorn 

Mr. Charles A. Schermerhorn 

tHon. Matthew H. \'. Schermerhorn 

Hon. Charles A. Schieren 

Mr. Jacob H. Schif} 

Mr. Augustus W. Schlemmer 

Mr. Grant B. Schley 

Hon. Joseph Schloss 

Hon. George J. Schneider 

\)r. Gustav Scholer 

Hon. John M. Schoonmaker 

Mr. John Schroers 

Pres. Jacob Gould Schurman 

Mr. James E. Schwarzenbach 

Col. Hugh L. Scott, r. S. A. 

Hon. Townsend Scudder 

Mr. Wallace M. Scudder 

Mr. Oscar R. Seitz 

Mr. Grant B. Sekley 

Mr. /.s-(i<2r A^. Seligman 

Mr. Louis Scligslierg 

Hon. Eredrrick W. Seward 

Mr. William .\. Shannon 

*Hon. Daniel Sheehan 

Hon. William F. Sheehan 

Hon. FMward M. Shepard 

Hon. Theodore H. Silkmaa 

Mr. J . Edward Simmons 

Mr. John W. Simpson 

Mr. John J Sinclair 

*Hon. C. M . Slauson 

Rev. Thomas R. Slicer 

Prof. William M. Sloane 

Mr. .-Vrchelaus W. Smith 
Gen. George M. Smith 

Hon. Henry .Smith 
tHon. Isaac H. Smith 
*Hon. John K. Smith 

Hon. Mvron Smith 

Mr. S. Willard Smith 

Mr. Clarence T. Snyder 
*Hon. Henry E. Snyder 

Mr. William Sohmer 

Mr. Luigi Solari 

Mr. Xelson S. Spencer 

Mr. James .-\. Sperry 

Mr. James Speyer 

Hon. Alien X. Spooncr 

Hon. George \'. L. Spratt 

Mr. Wesley J. Springstead 

Mr. James H. Stack 

Mr. Charles R. Starbuck 

Mr. Isaac Stern 

Hon. Louis Stern 

Mr. Erancis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. Louis Stewart 

Mr. James StiUman 

Mr. Henry L. Stoddard 

Hon. Edward C. Stokes 

Mr. Melville E. Stone 

tHon. Chas. E. Storms 

Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Mr. Samuel Straus 

Mr. Max Strauss 

Mr. Charles H. Strong 

Mr. Lewis Sugerman 

ffon. Timothy P. Sullivan 

Mr. Stephen Suszynski 

tHon. F. Herbert Sutherland 

Mr. George R. Sutherland 

Hon. Leslie Sutherland 

Hon. Theodore Sutro 

Hon. James W. Sutton 

Mr. Charles Swanson 

*}Ion. H. B. Swartwout 

Mr. George W. Sweeney 

Mr. Warren M. Sweet 

Mr. Henry W. Tajt 

Dr. Jokiclii Takamine 

Mr. Stevenson Tavlor 



Mr. J. Terkuille 

Mr. John T. Terry 

Mr. Ernst Thalnian 

Mr. Eben B. Thomas 

Col. Robert M . Thompson 

Mr. Frank Tocci 

Mr. Henry R. Towne 

Hon. Asbury C. Townsend 

Mr. Irving Townsend, M.D. 

Hon. .Spencer Trask 

Mr. Peter H. Troy 

Mr. Wm. H. Truesdale 

tHon. .Arthur C. Tucker 

.Mr. Eliot Tuckerman 

Mr. Arthur H. Tullv 

Hon. William J. Tu'lly 

Mr. C. Y. Turner 

tHon. .Albert W. Twiggar 

Mr. .Albert Ulmann 

Mr. F. D. Underwood 

IJeut. Com. .iaron Vanderbilt 

Mr. .Alfred G. Vanderbilt 

Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt 

Mr. William K. \'anderbilt 

Rev. Henry Van Dyke, D.D. 

Mr. G. E. Van Kennan 

Hon. George R. \'an Xamee 

Mr. Warner \'an Xorden 

Mr. William B Van Rens.ulaer 

Mr. George B. Van Valkenburg 

*Hon. Horace S. ]'an Voast 

Mr. John R. Nan Wormer 

Mr. J. Leonard \'arick 

Hon. Jacob J. \'elten 

Mr. William G. Ver Planck 

Hon. Foster M. \ oorhees 

Hon. E. B. \'reeland 

Col. John W. Vrooman 

Hon. James It'. Wadsr^corth, Jr. 

Col. Alfred Wagstaff 

Hon. Charles G. F. Wahle 

Mr. J. Howard WainwTight 

Mr. Herbert B. Walker 

Mr. Michael J. Walsh 

Capt. .Aaron Ward, U.S.N. 

Dr. Samuel B. Ward 

Hon. W. L. Ward 

Mr. William T. Wardwell 

Hon. D. M. Warner 

*Hon. Nathan A. Warren 

Bishop Alexander Walters 

Hon. John Wavle 

tHon. .Anthony J. Weaver 

tHon. J. Fred W ehmeyer, Jr. 

Hon. .A. Z. Wemple 

Hon. George T. \\'erts 

tHon. J. Henry Wessel 

Mr. Charles W. Wetmore 

Mr. Edmund Wetmore 

Mr. Henry W. Wetmore 

*Hon. Thomas Wheeler 

Hon. T- DuPratt White 

Mr. Fred. C. Whitney 

Hon. Howard C. Wiggins 

Gen. W. C. S. Wilcv 

Hon. William R. Willco.v 

Hon. Charles Williamson 

Mr. Charles R. Wilson 

Mr. Edward C. Wilson 

Mr. Frederick W. Wilson 

Mr. George T. Wilson 

Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Mr. Louis Windmuller 

tHon. L. H. Wing 

Hon. Edgerton L. Winthrop, Jr. 

tHon. John Wirth 

Hon. lohn S. Wise 

Hon. "H. Otto Wittpenn 

Hon. F. E. Wixson 

Mr. Charles B. Wolffram 

Hon. Joseph S. Wood 

Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood. U.S.A. 

Gen. Stewart L. Woodford 

Hon. Timothy L. Woodruff 

Col. Robert M. Woodward 

Mr. W. E. Woolley 

Mr. William Wortman 

Mr. Vincent W. Woylisek 

Mr. James .A. Wright 

*Hon. Frederick M . Young 

Hon. Richard Young 

tHon. F. G. Zinsser 



W> 



CJ)e m^toncal pageant 




« 



^ 




HE Hudson-Fulton Celebration, which takes place in 
New York City, along the Hudson River and 
throughout the State of New York from Saturday, 
September 25, to Saturday, October 9, 1909, is de- 
signed to commemorate primarily the discovery of 
the Hudson River by Henry Hudson, an English 
navigator sailing under Dutch auspices, in 1609, 
and the first successful application of steam to 
navigation upon that river by Robert Fulton in 1807; but the 
real importance of those events lies in the remarkable history of 
which they were the precursors. The object of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration Commission, therefore, is to give the commemoration 
the widest possible educational scope by directing the attention of 
the people to the state of civilization as it existed before Hudson's 
voyage and to the extraordinary sequence of events following 
Hudson's discovery and Fulton's invention. This end will be 
accomplished in many ways — by remarkable Art, Scientific and His- 
torical exhibitions, by special studies and investigations by learned 
societies and educational institutions, by lectures, orations, essays, 
publications, pictures, and superb pageantry on land and water. 

Among these forms of instructive commemoration the Historical 
Parade, which will take place in Manhattan Borough of the City of 
New York on Tuesday, September 28, and in Brooklyn Borough on 
Friday, October i, 1909, and which will be repeated in part not only 
in the other boroughs but also in various places along the Hudson 
north of New York, will be one of the most notable. It will depict, 
upon moving vehicles called "floats," important events in the history 
of New York State. Beautiful, graphic and instructive in themselves, 
they will also stimulate study of the connecting events in the great 
historical chain of which the events depicted form a part. 




The floats will be in four divisions representing respectively the 
Indian, Dutch, Colonial or English, and American Periods. 

When Hudson explored the river which bears his name he came 
in contact with two great branches of the original inhabitants. At 
the mouth and in the lower reaches of the river he found various tribes 
of the great Algonquin family. At the head of the river he found the 
eastern members of the powerful League of the Iroquois, or Five 
Nations. The Indians, clothed in the skins of fur-bearing animals, 
adorned with feathers, shells, and copper ornaments, bearing bows 
and stone-tipped arrows, living in bark wigwams, and navigating 
canoes made from the bark of trees or hollowed out of their trunks, 
were strange and picturesque objects to European eyes. Living, as 
they did, close to nature, their beliefs, legends and religious practices 
were full of poetic imagination, and their history, whether woven into 
the Leather-Stocking Tales of Cooper or embodied in the critical 
studies of the scientist and the historian, have given to the literature 
of American romance and science a unique interest. The Indians 
received Hudson hospitably, and, but for the indiscretions of his crew, 
their friendly relations would, probably, not have been interrupted by 
the two or three unfortunate conflicts which occurred in New York 
Harbor and the lower river. But these encounters were of small con- 
sequence compared with the battle which had been fought on the 
shores of Lake Champlain between a party of Canadian Indians led 
by the French explorer Champlain on the one hand and a party of 
Iroquois Indians on the other, less than a week before Hudson entered 
New York Harbor. The contrast between the hostile treatment by 
the French and the friendly treatment by the Dutch and English 
pioneers led to the formation of the famous Covenant Chain of 
friendship between the Indians and the latter and prevented the French 
from ever obtaining a permanent foothold in the State of New York. 

The Dutch people, who succeeded the aborigines in the possession 
of what we now call New York State, were, at the time of Hudson's 
voyage, the leading commercial nation of the world. The Netherlands 
were as populous as England and more wealthy. The Dutch Republic 
was the manufacturing center of Europe, and Amsterdam, from which 
Hudson sailed in 1609, was the leading port of the world. Following 



Hudson's voyage, Dutch traders built temporary trading posts on 
Manhattan Island and at the site of Albany, from which they carried 
on a lucrative fur trade with the natives. Although a few traders' 
huts had been erected as early as 1613 along the river, it was not until 
1624 that a permanent settlement was effected at Fort Orange 
(Albany) and 1626 at New Amsterdam (New York), With the arrival 
of Peter Minuit at Manhattan Island in 1626 as the first Governor 
General, with a fully equipped government, the colonial history of 
New Netherland began. By the term New Netherland was included 
the region extending from the Connecticut River on the east to the 
Delaware, or South, River on the west. In 1664 the Dutch surren- 
dered to the English. In 1673 they recaptured their old possessions 
and held them till 1674, when the English secured permanent control. 

The English, upon securing possession of New Netherland, named 
it New York, in honor of the Duke of York. In like manner they 
gave to New Amsterdam the name of New York City, and called 
New Orange Albany. But many Dutch names along the Hudson 
River and throughout the state — such as Brooklyn, Harlem and 
Staten Island — still remind us of the Founders of New York. The 
merger of the Dutch and English regimes was accomplished more 
completely and naturally than a change of jurisdiction could have been 
made between almost any other two nations in the world, for the 
Dutch are more closely allied to the old Anglo-Saxon stock from 
which the English are descended than any other living European 
people. Intense rivals in commerce, England and Holland had 
worked hand in hand for years for the liberties of Europe, and there 
were radical bonds of sympathy between them which contributed 
materially to the progress of the colony of New York under its new 
government. Liberal institutions were advanced, commerce was de- 
veloped and population was increased, so that the number of inhab- 
itants of the colony, which at the beginning of English rule was about 
6,000, had increased to about 185,000 at the outbreak of the Amer- 
ican Revolution. 

The American Period, so-called to distinguish it from the Indian, 
Dutch and English Periods, but more properly called the United 
States Period, of course began with the Declaration of Independence 






on July 4, 1776. Prior to that date the colonies were fighting for their 
rights as colonies, not for national independence; after that date they 
were, by the terms of the Declaration, free and independent States. 
So much has been written to popularize the history of the States east 
and south of New York that comparatively few people realize how 
many important events took place in New York during the Revolu- 
tion. As we are celebrating the history of the Hudson River it is 
interesting to recall that the possession of the Hudson was the great 
central object of contention between the British and the Americans, 
the British believing that if they could secure it they could cut the 
colonies in two, defeat them in detail, and establish a safe route of 
communication between their base of supplies in Canada and the 
base of war in New York. Fulton's great achievement, twenty-four 
years after the close of the Revolution, was the cardinal event of the 
Nineteenth century, with reference to this celebration. 

In depicting, in the great Historical Parade, important scenes in 
these four periods, the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission has 
aimed not only to present a spectacle which will be memorable but also 
to give an impetus to historical research and to present historic scenes 
so that they will impress themselves more clearly on the minds of the 
spectators than could be done by books and pictures. 

The work of building the floats for these moving tableaux has 
been going on in New York City for many months, and the work of 
construction has required the services of all kinds of artists and 
artisans. The artist most familiar with this kind of work was sum- 
moned to design the pageant, and for about a year nearly two hundred 
workmen at a time have been engaged on the actual construction. 

The general plan and every detail of the floats and costumes have 
undergone the critical scrutiny of the Commission's Historical Com- 
mittee, which has commanded the services of the best historical and 
archeological authorities in the City of New York, and the Committee 
has taken great care that everything in connection with the floats 
shall be in accurate historical harmony in every respect. 

The Committee has confined the subjects to events connected with 
New York, and of necessity has been obliged to omit many interesting 
scenes because it was impracticable to represent them on floats. 




THE Title Car for the History of the Empire State represents the State of New 
York from the day of the canoe to the modern steamboat and from the day 
of the wigwam to the modern skyscraper. 

This float will be followed by four divisions of the Historical Parade— namely, 
the First Division, representing the Indian Period ; the Second Division, represent- 
ing the Dutch Period; the Third Division, representing the English Colonial 
Period, and the Fourth Division, representing the United States Period. 

Each division will have its Title Car representing that particular period. With 
the picture of each float in this book will be found a brief account which, if 
carefully followed, will enable everybody thoroughly to understand the different 
subjects portrayed in this moving display, beginning with scenes representing Indian 
life and leading up in chronological order to historical events of New York City and 
State easily remembered by the older generation. 

The difficulties in presenting actual scenes in a pageant are very great. When 
the interior of a house, for example, is shown, it is evident that the roof cannot cover 
the float or the spectators looking down from a height would be unable to see the 
characters. 

The object of the parade is to bring before the minds of the onlookers a picture 
of the main events which can be properly shown in tableau, and to depict the 
spirit of the time. 

To derive lasting benefit from a historical standpoint the scenes, wdiile still 
fresh in the mind, should be studied in some history. 




INDIAN PERIOD 

THE first race in this great country was, naturally, the Indian. The territory 
of New York was occupied by two great aboriginal families — the Algon- 
quins on the coast and the Iroquois, or Five Nations, in the interior. 
The object in presenting this short history of the Five Nations is to place in order 
the material, gathered here and there, to enable the spectators better to understand 
the lives and motives of the people who composed that powerful League which 
controlled for so many years the policy of all the tribes hving in the Hmits of what is 
now the North Central States of our country. 

They stood as a strong bulwark between the French and Dutch, and later 
between the French and English, and thus were largely influential in preserving 
their hunting grounds for the Anglo-Saxon race. But slight mention is made 
of them in our school histories, and little opportunity is given our boys and girls 
to learn what an important part they played in the early history of our colonial 
and national life. 

The name Indian was given to the natives of the New World by Columbus, who 
thought he had found the East Indies. 

The Five Nations, who dwelt in northern New York, are represented on this float 
by the totems, or symbols, of their tribes — the beaver, the tortoise, the bear, the 
wolf and the deer. 



10 




THE Iroquois have a very pretty legend relating to their final union into a 
confederacy. Many years ago they were confined under a mountain near 
the falls of the Oswego, from whence they were led by the "Holder of the 
Heavens" into the beautiful Mohawk Valley, along which and farther westward 
they settled, each tribe in a different locality. These tribes kept up a continual 
warfare with one another. In their great distress they called upon the "Holder of 
the Heavens," affectionately called by the people Hiawatha — "The Very Wise 
Man." 

Hiawatha told them to call representatives from all the tribes to a great council 
to be held on the banks of Onondaga Lake. The great council fire blazed for three 
days and yet no Hiawatha appeared to help or to advise. At length, guided by the 
Great Spirit, he was seen coming across the lake in a white canoe, bearing with him 
his beautiful little daughter. Scarcely had they landed upon the shore when there 
suddenly arose a mighty wind, and an immense bird, so large as to darken the land- 
scape, swooped down upon the beautiful girl and crushed her into the earth. 
Speechless with grief Hiawatha mourned for his daughter three days, then he said : 
"I will meet you to-morrow and unfold my plans." On the following day he arose 
in the council and formed the Iroquois Confederacy. 

He then departed while the air was filled with beautiful music, which slowly died 
away ; the beautiful white canoe rose slowly into the air and bore their good friend 
and councilor far into the eternal blue. The league thus formed was the most 
powerful aboriginal poHtical organization north of Mexico. 



11 



^ 




THE Indian tribes to whom the French gave the name Iro(iuois inhabited the 
State of New York north and west of the Catskill Alountains and south of 
the Adirondack group. 

The Iroquois Confederacy was originally of five related families or nations, called, 
respectively, Mohawk, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. They settled 
themselves at various points in the country between the Hudson River and Lake 
Erie, in the order in which they are above named. 

These five families, though of the same blood, continually waged cruel wars 
against each other, until Hiawatha, known as the "Holder of the Heavens," called 
them together in one great council and advised them to enter into one common 
band of brothers. Thus united, they were to drive all invaders back, all of which 
they agreed to do, forming themselves into a confederacy called Ko-no-shi-oni, 
the "cabin builders," or "Long House," which extended from the Hudson River to 
Lake Eric. 

The Mohawks guarded the eastern door and the Senecas the western. The 
great council fire was with the Onondagas, near the present Syracuse. 

This League was formed probably not earlier than 1540. The totems of the 
Five Nations — the bear, the wolf, the deer, the tortoise and the beaver — were the 
distinguishing mark of the delegate from each nation at the grand council and ap- 
peared on his person. 

In 1 7 14 the cognate Tuscaroras, driven out of North Carolina, were received 
into the Iroquois Confederacy, which thereafter became known as the Six Nations. 




12 




THE first Sachem of the League was the venerable Ato-tar-ho, a famous Onon- 
daga chief. The Indian traditions invest him with extraordinary attributes. 
He is represented as hving at the time he was chosen in grim seclusion 
in a swamp, where his dishes and drinking cups, like those of the old Scandinavian 
warriors, were made of the skulls of his enemies slain in battle. 

When a delegation of Mohawks went to offer him the symbol of supreme power 
they found him sitting in calm repose smoking his pipe, but he was unapproachable 
because he was clothed with hissing snakes. They finally invested him with a 
broad belt of wampum as the highest token of authority. 

The idea of the Five Nations was originally suggested by the Onondagas as a 
means to enable them more effectually to war against the neighboring tribes, so it 
was natural that their most famous warrior and Sachem should be chosen as the 
first Sachem of the League. 

After the formation of the League the Iroquois rose rapidly in power. Upon the 
founding of the Dutch trading post at Fort Orange, now x^lbany, in 1615, their 
influence greatly increased. They remained friendly to the Dutch and bartered 
their furs for firearms, in the use of which they were afterward to become expert. 
Renewing their friendship with the English they soon had absolute supremacy over 
the other Indian nations, and extended their domination to the whole country 
between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario and to the north bank of the St. Lawrence 
River. The descendants of these Indians now reside in reservations set apart for 
them in New York and Canada. 








THE early records of the Indians before the advent of the white men were pic- 
ture writings woven in wampum and they merely recorded feats of arms. 
The rest were legends passed down by word of mouth. 

The veins of the Redmen surged with poetry and imagination. Their speech 
was poetic and picturesque. Their legends had a religious significance and no 
serious undertaking' was begun without first invoking the Great Spirit. They were 
intensely religious and every dance had a supernatural significance behind it. The 
braves were frequently required to fast for days before they were allowed to partici- 
pate in the dance. 

The tableau of the Season of Blossoms, or spring, shows the Indians at work 
manufacturing implements of war and the chase, the arrow heads and stone hatchets 
or axes. The squaws are engaged in their family duties, making moccasins, etc., 
with ornamental bead work, tilling the fields preparatory to sowing the corn, beans 
and squash, the fundamental vegetable food of that age, while the old warriors look 
on in stolid contemplation. 

At the back of the float is to be seen the younger warriors preparing for the 
summer chase, making their birchbark canoes, the joints sewed together and then 
sealed with pitch. 

When birch canoes could not be made a large tree would be cut down, shaped on 
the outside to the required form and then by fires built on the inside the wood was 
charred until it could readily be scraped away by their rude instruments. This was 
repeated until the canoe was ready for use. 



14 




THE summer season to the Indians was known as the Season of Fruits. The 
two important crops were celebrated by the festivals " Ha-men-da-yo, " or the 
Berry Festival, and " Ah-dake-wa-o, " or Green Corn Festival. 

The Berry Festival was in the nature of a thanksgiving to the Great Spirit for 
\i supplying the tribe with fruit for its needs. This dance was similar to the one 
known as the Maple-Sugar Festival, and was concluded with a feast of straw- 
berries, prepared with maple sugar in the form of a jelly and served on strips 
of birch bark. 

The second ceremony of the summer season was the Green Corn Festival. Corn, 
beans and squash were the staple vegetables of the aborigines. Corn was called 
"Our Life" or "Our Supporter," and was relied upon even more than the products 
of the chase. The festival lasted for four days. On the first two days there were 
held dances, speeches and games. The next was occupied in a Thanksgiving dance, 
with chants and songs of a like nature given in the intervals. The trees, bushes and 
shrubs which provided sustenance to the tribe were also individually addressed in 
the flowery language of those people. The fourth and last day was concluded with 
a game of chance played with peach stones and small bowls and called " Gus-ga-a," 
for the Indians loved above all else to gamble, x^t the close of each day the braves 
feasted on great bowls of succotash, made of com and beans, which were passed 
around the circle by the squaws. Not the least important plant to the Indians was 
tobacco, a plant native to America, and which was smoked, mixed with willow bark, 
in their stone or copper pipes at all ceremonies. 



15 




"jms^ 



THE Season of Hunting, when the wild turkey and game of all kinds were fat 
and fit to be killed for food, was what we call fall. At this season hunting 
was indulged in to the exclusion of all else. The meat was cured by cutting 
into strips and hanging on long poles over a fire purposely made to give off large quan- 
tities of smoke. When a sufficient supply of meat was cured it was buried in pits 
lined with deer skins. Corn was parched by charring it over a fire and together with 
dried beans and ripe corn was also buried for preservation in pits lined with bark. 
Deer, elk, moose and bear, together with several species of wild birds, furnished 
the principal game. The small fur-bearing animals supplied the peltries which 
were the Indians' staple of trade with the white men. 

The animals were frequently trapped singly or else by surrounding a section of 
country and driving the game toward a rough V-shaped barricade, at which were 
stationed warriors, who killed the frightened animals as they endeavored to 
escape. Fish were also used for food and were caught in nets or by hooks made of 
bone. In the rapids salmon and trout were speared. 

The Indian chief thought labor demeaning and his main occupation was the 
hunt. Parties of hunters frequently penetrated into Pennsylvania and even as far 
as Ohio and Canada, returning ofttimes when the snow was on the ground. 

The chief festival of the fall occurred at the beginning of the season and was the 
Harvest Festival, whose Indian name signified "Thanksgiving to our Supporters." 
It lasted four days and was very similar to the Berry and Green- Corn ceremonies, 
which were described under the "Season of Fruits." 



16 




THE American Indians, being children of nature, were particularly susceptible 
to the influences of the natural elements, and in their legends, myths and 
religious ceremonies the natural forces are variously symbolized. 

The Iroquois legend of the first winter informs us that at first the Redmen were 
happy and contented and the Great Spirit smiled upon them continually. At last a 
great chief declared himself mightier than the Great Spirit and persuaded his 
brothers to mock Him. They claimed the Great Spirit was a cruel father, was un- 
kind to them, and kept the Happy Hunting Grounds for their dead brothers where 
they could hunt without weariness. 

The old men feared to scoff at the Great Spirit but were laughed to scorn. 

Gradually the path of the sun changed, so slowly at first that it was not noticed 
except by the old men. The latter, fearing the gibes of the young men, kept silence, 
but later the change of the sun became so marked that all noticed it. Each day 
brought less and less of the Great Spirit's smile (that is, the sun) and terrible storms 
arose. The spirit of the warriors was broken. Frosts and snows came upon them. 
Then the Great Spirit had pity and day after day the few who survived the wintry 
blasts saw with joy the return of the sun. The Great Spirit told his children that as 
a punishment for their insults and lack of faith they should in the future feel for a 
season the might of the power they had mocked. 

From the bodies of those who had perished sprang poisonous plants to endanger 
the lives of the Indians of all generations. 

The float represents the dance to propitiate the Great Spirit. 



17 




THERE was in the life of the Indian much leisure, and a large part of it was 
occupied in feasting, dancing and playing games. The corn festival, hunt- 
ing and scalp dances were occasions of general rejoicing, sometimes lasting 
for weeks. These dances were usually of religious or ceremonial significance. Each 
section of the country had its peculiar dances — as the snake dance of the Hopis, the 
green-corn dance among the Eastern tribes; on the Columbia River was the salmon 
dance, while on the plains the tribal ceremony was the sun dance to the protecting 
spirit of the buffalo. 

The war and scalp dances occupied a secondary place in importance and were 
common to all tribes, but no war party ever opened hostilities until the formal 
war dance ceremony was performed. 

The war dance, here depicted, was used to arouse the enthusiasm and to enlist 
warriors for dangerous expeditions before the departure of war parties. The dance 
was held in the evening, fifteen men being sufficient, but as many as twenty-five or 
thirty could perform. Preliminary to the dance the braves assembled near by and 
l)ainted and decorated themselves. While the tribe awaited them one of the re- 
ligious men would make a stirring speech. The braves would then approach in 
Indian file to the council fire or house, raising the warwhoop and accompanied by a 
tomtom and rattles. After seating themselves in a circle for a moment one would 
start a war chant and the warriors then, jumping to their feet, would dance with 
a ])eculiar step, consisting of stamping the feet and swaying the body and arms 
with distortions of the face. They finally worked themselves into a frenzy. 



m j ^^^^^^^g!^^^^m m m >m m^^ ^^0^^^,m t ; - y.?«wr^^°^;-■!!^^g,^r^T'' 





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DUTCH PERIOD 

ANHATTAN ISLAND has always been looked upon as related to the 
Dutch, and justly so, as they comprised the first colony established, and 
their laws and usages formed the policy which governed the region for years. 
The Dutch were a brave and cultured people, loving liberty and education. 
Their fight for freedom is one of the most heroic chapters in history. Their 
universities and schools are famous. Their art galleries ri\al those of any 
other country. On account of their inventiveness, they have been called the 
''Yankees of Europe." They were great navigators in the days when the seas 
were comparatively unknown, and they were enterprising traders and merchants. 
The descendants of the early Dutch colonists are proud of their ancestors, and 
many customs remain to this day which were brought to this country by them. 

Perhaps the most common and popular is the dyeing of eggs at Easter, or " Paas" 
— still commemorated by the St. Nicholas Society at its annual banquet. More 
widely known is the legend of St. Nicholas — the Santa Claus of the children. 

It would be difficult to find American children who are not familiar with that 
charming poem, "The Night Before Christmas," written early in the Nineteenth 
century by that sturdy divine. Dr. Clement C. Moore, who then lived in the little 
village of Chelsea, just south of Twenty-third Street and west of Ninth Avenue. 

This Title Car shows the Seal of the Dutch and indicates the importance in that 
early day of the trading with the Indians. 



19 




OF HENRY HUDSON we know little. As an English navigator he had 
failed twice to discover a northeast passage for his employers, the ]Musco\ y 
Company, and he offered his services to the Dutch East India Company. 
They were accepted, and on April 4, 1609, he set sail from Amsterdam with a 
mixed crew of some eighteen Dutch and English sailors. 

This vessel, so fjuaint and to])heavy to our eyes, was only 74 feet 6 inches over 
all; 58 feet 8 inches on the water line; a little over 10 feet in depth of hold, and 
was about 17 feet in breadth. The float gives a better idea of her appearance 
than words can convey. 

Proceeding westward he anchored on the coast of ]Maine. Then going south- 
ward he came upon the promontory of Cape Cod, and later the entrance to the 
Bay of Virginia (Chesapeake). Turning north he discovered Delaware Bay and 
on September 2 arrived at the Lower New York Bay but did not enter the Hudson 
River proper until the 12th. 

Distrusting the Indians, who were friendly but treacherous, he remained at 
anchor but one day, and proceeding up the river which now bears his name he 
reached the neighl:)orhood of Albany on September k;. Disaj)pointed at being 
stopped by shoaling waters he descended, and when oj)])osite Spuytcn Du}vil 
Creek the vessel was attacked by Indians. After a strenuous fight the ship left the 
Indians behind and proceeded to the bay oft" Castle Point, near Hoboken, where 
she anchored for the last time in our waters. Hudson set sail for Euro})e on 
October 4 to carry lo liis ])atr()ns tlie news of the discovery of this new country. 



2U 




HISTORY informs us that in 1610 Henry Hudson set sail on the Discoverer 
from England under a new company — the English East India Company, 
His object was still to search for a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean. 
Four months later, having passed Iceland, where the volcano Hecla w^as in eruption, 
and the southern end of Greenland, he entered Hudson's Bay and spent the re- 
mainder of the season in exploration. The crew endured a dreary winter there 
and found fault with Hudson, with their limited allowance of provisions and with 
the stern discipline he enforced. They also objected to his plans to continue his 
search for the westward passage when the spring came. 

At length, in June, 161 1, the crew broke out into open mutiny. Seizing Hudson, 
his son John and seven others they forced them into a shallop, together with a 
scanty supply of provisions and utensils. Philip Staffe, the ship's carpenter, ob- 
tained leave to share the fate of his commander. Cutting the boat loose the muti- 
neers sailed away and left their old comrades to their fate. Whether the great navi- 
gator and his companions died of starvation or were drowned or frozen to death, or, 
reaching land, were killed by the Indians, no one knows. The float shows him 
abandoned and adrift, with the polar ice surrounding his frail craft. The mutineers, 
after severe trials, reached Ireland in September, 161 1. Returning to England they 
were imprisoned but later were released. 

While Hudson was exploring the Hudson, Champlain was skirting the shores 
of Lake Champlain. Both lie in unknown graves in this Western World — Hudson 
in Hudson's Bay, Champlain in Quebec. 



21 



mri^rr:""^ '■' 




IN DECEMBER, 1613, Adrian Block, a bold Dutch navigator, was about to sail 
from Manhattan with a cargo of bear skins and other furs when fire reduced his 
vessel, The Tiger, to ashes. The small storehouse of the traders couldn't afford 
shelter to Block's crew and the wigwams of the Indians, freely offered, couldn't shield 
them from the biting cold, so they built log cabins and from the stately oaks which 
towered around them they constructed another vessel, which they called The 
Onrust — The Restless. This vessel was only 44 feet long, 11 feet wide and of 16 
tons burden. With another cargo of furs The Onrust sailed for Holland in the spring 
of 1614. 

That little collection of huts, commemorated by a tablet of the Holland Society at 
Nos. 39-41 Broadway, and that little vessel which was built and launched at the foot 
of Broadway, were almost prophetic of the dauntless energy ever shown by the resi- 
dents of Manhattan Island in overcoming difficulties, and were the tiny beginnings 
of the great commercial metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. 

The model of this vessel on the float is about one-third the size of the original 
vessel and strikingly calls attention to the bravery of the men who risked their lives 
and fortunes on the comparatively unknown waters of the ocean. With only the 
very roughest idea of longitude, as the chronometer had not yet been invented, they 
directed their course at sea to the latitude of their destination and then sailed east or 
west until they made a landfall. It must be remembered that the charts in those 
days were practically useless, and the mariner had no lighthouse to guide him. That 
they ever succeeded in reaching their haven is remarkable. 




IN 1626 Peter Minuit, the newly appointed Dutch governor, arrived on Manhat- 
tan Island in the ship Sea Mew, commanded by Captain Joris. Governor 
Minuit and his council were invested with legislative, judicial and executive 
power, subject to the supervision and appellate jurisdiction of the Chamber of 
Amsterdam. 

Hitherto the Dutch had possession of Manhattan Island only by the dubious 
right of first discovery and occupation. Minuit proceeded to place the right upon the 
foundation of justice. He called together the representatives of the Indian owners 
of the island and made a treaty as honorable, as important and as noteworthy as was 
the famous treaty between William Penn and the Indians beyond the Delaware 
under the broad Shackamaxon Elm, which has been immortalized by history, paint- 
ing and poetry. 

The price paid by the Hollanders for the territory, estimated at 22,000 acres in 
extent, was not extravagant — about $24. 

The scene depicted upon the float is hard to realize at the present day, when the 
buildings cover the land and are growing upward story on story as fast as engineer- 
ing can devise new methods of safe construction and facilities of elevator service. 

Many people, without due consideration, wish they had been the fortunate pur- 
chaser of the land, but if they calculated from actual figures, with payments added 
for taxes and assessments and compound interest on the whole, they would find that 
the purchase price was moderate. Few realize, until they sit down and actually 
calculate the amount, how quickly the figures increase. 



23 




THIS scene depicted is the Treaty of Peace signed at the house of Jonas Bronck 
on the 28th of March, 1642. Bronck gave his name to the Bronx River and 
so to the Borough of The Bronx. The land which Jonas Bronck occupied 
was acquired by him from the Indians in 1639. The Indian deed describes it as 
" Lying between the Great Kill (Harlem River) and the Ahquahung" (Bronx River). 

The governor of the Dutch colony at that time was William Kicft. His trouble 
with the Wickquaskeck Indians resulted primarily from his effort to impose a tax on 
them. An expedition was sent against the Indians and, although no encounter 
occurred, the Indians were brought to a realization of their mistake, and this Treaty 
of Peace was arranged. 

The house in which the treaty was signed stood at about the present site of the 
depot of the Harlem River branch of the New York, New Haven and Hartford 
Railroad. Here were gathered the parties to the treaty, namely: 

Cornelius Van Tienhoven, who understood the Indian language and negotiated 
the treaty. He is seated at the table, and in his dictatorial manner is showing the 
Indian chiefs, Ranachqua and Tackamuch, where to make their totem marks. 

Jonas Bronck is the scholarly Dane who is standing watching the signature. 
Sitting by his side is the clerk. Immediately in the rear stands Dominie Everardus 
Bogardus, who was the second husband of the famous Anneke Jans, whose descend- 
ants have frequently laid claim to the lands owned by Trinity Church. 

The soldier in the rear is Ensign Henrlrick \'an Dyck, whose bloodless expedition 
against the Indians liad driven them into applying for the treaty. 




IN 1647 Peter Stuyvesant, a Frieslander, a scholar and a brave soldier in the 
service of the Dutch West India Company, and who had been wounded in the 
leg in an attack upon the island of St. Martin, was at Amsterdam receiving 
surgical treatment. He had been governor of the company's colony of Curacao, in 
which capacity he had shown great vigor and wisdom. He was then forty-four 
years of age, strong in physical constitution, fond of ofificial show, aristocratic and 
haughty toward subordinates, a thorough disciplinarian, but a just and honest man. 
Appointed governor of New Netherland he administered its affairs for nearly 
seventeen years, and became the most renowned of the officials of the Dutch West 
India Company. 

The new director general was received at ^Manhattan with great joy. The 
arrival was on a clear and warm May morning. The whole garrison turned out 
under arms and escorted him to the Fort. In addressing the people he told them 
he should govern them ''as a father his children, for the advantage of the chartered 
Dutch West India Company and these burghers and their land," and declared that 
every one should have justice done him. 

Stuyvesant was too frank and honest to conceal his opinions and intentions. 
At the very outset he asserted the prerogatives of the directorship, and frowned upon 
every expression of republican sentiment. He regarded the people as his subjects, 
to be obedient to his will. In this he was not a whit behind his predecessors. New 
Netherland at that time had scarcely fifty boweries, or farms. Peter Stuyvesant is 
buried in the familv vault in "St. Mark's, in the Bowerie." 



25 




THERE is no piece of land on Manhattan Island which has retained for a 
longer period its distinctive name and at the same time fulfilled more thor- 
oughly the purposes of its creation than the small park at the extreme south- 
em end of Broadway, known as Bowling Green. It is the one historic spot which 
has never lost its identity or been diverted from public use since its foundation. 

The history of the city from the time when the good ship Sea Mew sailed into 
the bay, May 6, 1626, bearing the doughty Dutch governor, Peter Minuit — with no 
city and few people to govern — to the present might almost be written from what 
has been seen and heard from this small plot of land. 

In March, 1732, the city fathers 

"Resolved, That this Corporation will lease a piece of land lying at the lower end 
of Broadway, fronting the Fort, to some of the inhabitants of the said Broadway, in 
order to be inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof, with walks therein, for the 
beauty and ornament of said street, as well as for the recreation and delight of the 
inhabitants of the city. . . ." 

Three public-spirited and sport-loving citizens — John Chambers, Peter Bayard 
and Peter Jay — leased, in accordance with this resolution, this ground, first called 
"The Plaine" and later "The Parade," for a term of eleven years, at the enormous 
rental of one peppercorn j)er annum, and prej)ared its lawn for the s])ort of bowls. 
The lease was renewed and the spot became famous as the central point for athletics 
and outdoor meeting place of the period. In the float Dutchmen ape shown playing 
their game of bowls, now called tenpins. 



26 




THE news of the revolution which placed William and Mary on the throne 
of James II reached New York in February, 1689, but was concealed by 
Governor Nicholson. When announced, two parties were formed; the 
followers of James included the aristocrats, and those of William and Mary the 
large majority of the citizens. Leisler became the leader of the citizens. On ac- 
count of the popular hostility toward him Governor Nicholson withdrew from the 
city and sailed for England. Leisler, invested with the powers of commander-in- 
chief, took possession of the fort, and upon arrival of formal notice of the accession 
of William and Mary he proclaimed them King and Queen. Those responsible 
for the peace of the colony received a letter from the privy council, and Leisler, 
regarding himself as invested with power by the spirit of this document, assumed 
the title of lieutenant-governor, appointed councilors and made a new seal. 

Upon the arrival of Governor Sloughter in 1691 Leisler tendered him the fort 
and province, but through the influence of enemies he was arrested and tried for 
high treason. Conviction followed, but Sloughter hesitated to sign the death war- 
rant. At last, while intoxicated, he signed the document, and Leisler was executed 
before Sloughter became sober. Stung with remorse Sloughter died a few weeks 
later. Parliament later vindicated Leisler and restored his property. 

Leisler owned six thousand acres of land at New Rochelle, and in 1690 sold 
them to the Huguenot emigrants who settled there. 

The float depicts the transfer of the deeds of the property to the Huguenots at 
Fort James, now the Battery. 



27 




DURING the Dutch regime persons from cities of other colonies visiting 
New Amsterdam were oftentimes astonished to see in the evening some 
of the best families seated upon their front doorsteps and even receiving 
visitors there. It was a survival of the old Dutch custom when at the close of the 
day the family would gather around their front door and in quiet ease discuss 
matters of moment. The master would be seen with his long clay pipe (called a 
church warden), his wife with her knitting or mending and the children grouped 
around enjoying the freshness of the evening. 

It was a city of case and contentment and contained many happy homes where 
people of cheerful dispositions and affectionate hearts lived. Life was enjoyed in a 
dreamy, quiet blissfulness which is now quite unknown in these days of bustle 
and noise. 

Wry little active attention was given to political matters by the mass of the 
people. It took too long, frequent!}- six months, to receive a reply from Holland, 
and in that length of time the matter had been thrashed out at the front door 
until the novelty was worn otT. 

The Dutch left their impress for many years in the architecture of their simple 
buildings, at first of necessity built of logs, the roof thatched with reeds and 
straw, and light admitted through oiled paper or thin, transparent skins. 
Later the better houses were built of brick imported from Holland, frequently as 
ballast, until an enterprising citizen established a brickyard during the administra- 
tion of Stuvvesant. 



^ 



S 




THE British Navigation Act was being continually evaded in the American 
colonies, and it was with the Dutch of New Amsterdam that the illicit 
trade was principally carried on. The conquest of New Netherland was 
resolved upon. When the news of the gathering of the English fleet became 
known at The Hague explanations were demanded. War was declared. 

On July 23, 1664, the British fleet under Nicolls reached Boston, Mass. The 
ships then sailed and anchored in Gravesend Bay, just outside of Coney Island, 
made doubly historical as the landing place of Lord Howe's troops in 1776. Stuy- 
vesant was at Fort Orange (Albany) when he heard the news and at once returned 
to New Amsterdam. Totally unprepared for such an event the city was not 
fortified, and the folly of resisting the demands for capitulation was apparent to all. 

On the 29th of August, 1664, the articles of capitulation were ratified and the 
city, which then had not more than fifteen hundred inhabitants, passed under 
English rule. The first act of the new deputy governor, Richard Nicolls, was 
to order the city of New Amsterdam to be known thereafter as New York, being 
named after the heir to the crown, James, Duke of York, and the name- of the old 
fort was changed to Fort James. 

When Peter Stuyvesant was summoned to surrender the keys of the fort the 
brave old soldier said: "I would much rather be carried out dead," but the die 
was cast and New Amsterdam was surrendered. The Dutch troops filed out 
and marched down Beaver Lane to the place of embarkment for Holland, the 
English troops entered, and New Amsterdam became New York. 



29 




SAXTA CLAUS DAY was the best day of all in the estimation of the little folks. 
It is notable, too, for having been the day sacred to St. Nicholas, the patron 
saint of New York, who presided as the figurehead of the first emigrant ship 
that touched her shores, who gave his name to the first church erected within her 
walls, and who has ever since had especial charge of the destinies of his favorite city. 
To the children he was a jolly, rosy-cheeked, little old man, with a low-crowned 
hat and a pipe of immense length, who drove his reindeer sleigh loaded with gifts 
over the roofs of New Amsterdam for the benefit of good children. 

On Christmas Eve they hung their stockings, carefully labeled that the saint 
might make no mistake, in the chimney corner, and went early to bed, chanting the 
Santa Claus hymn, which we give as a curiosity. This was sung as late as 185 1 : 



Sint Nicholaas, goed heilig man, 
Trekt uw' besten Tabbard an, 
En reist daarin naar Amsterdam, 
Van Amsterdam naar Spanje, 
Waar appelen van Oranje 
En appelen van Granaten, 
Rollen door de Stratcn 
Sint Nicholaas, mvn goede Vriend 
Ik heb u altyd wel gediend 
Als gy my nu wat wilt geven, 
Zal ik u dienen al mvn leven. 



TRANSLATION 

Saint Nicholas, good holy man, 

Put your best Tabbard on you can, 

And in it go to Amsterdam, 

From Amsterdam to Hispanje 

Where apples bright of Orange 

And, likewise, those pomegranates named, 

Roll through the streets all unclaimed. 

Saint Nicholas, my dear good friend, 

To serve you ever was my end ; 

If you me now will something give, 

Serve you I will as long as I live. 

D. T. Valentine 



The children of to-day are more familiar with the version of Clement C. Moore, 
in his "Night Before Christmas." 




COLONIAL PERIOD 

THE Colonial Period introduced by this Title Car shows the period of ex- 
pansion of the colony northward, and the internal disorders that led up to 
the Revolution, finally culminating in the inauguration of the first President 
on the balcony of Federal Hall, in Wall Street. 

Two of Irving s legends of the Hudson River Valley, that of Rip Van Winkle 
and the tale of Sleepy Hollow Church, are given to show the trend of the tales 
of those times. 

After the first scenes of the uprising of the people in New York previous to the 
Revolution but Httle occurred that can be pictured on the floats until its close. 
The reason for this is apparent. Endeavoring to divide the colonies physically 
by military lines England concentrated her energies on the line of the Hudson 
River. With a roomy and safe harbor for large transports and war vessels she had 
a base of supplies at hand and was able to hold the region with an iron hand. 
The opening of war around Boston does not concern us beyond the effect it had on 
inflaming the people, as the endeavor has been to show New York history only. 

The float depicts the might of Great Britain, shown by the lion resting on her 
army and navy, represented by cannon. At the rear of the car is the cause of her 
downfall — the chests of tea marked with the names of the two ships whose cargoes 
were destroyed, the Dartmouth at Boston and the Peggy Stewart in Maryland. 
Also the bales of the hated Stamp Act paper. 



31 




•<<«•■«:■>»''. 



IN 1 69 1 New York was engaged in an abortive attempt to conquer Canada. 
Commissioners were appointed, paper money, or bills of credit, issued, and 
through Col. Peter Schuyler, the first mayor of xA-lbany, the friendship of the 
Five Nations was secured. 

New York and New Jersey raised some two thousand men, who were placed 
under command of Francis Nicholson. Late in June this army moved from 
Albany to attack Montreal, and in August, arriving at Lake Champlain, they 
halted to await tidings of the departure of the fleet destined to attack 
Quebec. The failure of the fleet to attack compelled the disappointed soldiers 
to retreat and weakened the confidence of the Five Nations in the power of 
England. 

Colonel Schuyler, alarmed at the apathy and neglect of the home government 
in the conquest of Canada, went to England the next year at his own expense to 
arouse the people and court to vigorous action. He took a chief of each of the 
Five Nations with him that the League might learn of the immense strength of 
Great Britain. These were not the first Indians to be taken to England, but 
they were rare enough to arouse intense interest, and the presence of the bar- 
barian kings produced a sensation unequaled in kind since the visit of Pocahontas. 
They were feasted at banquets, witnessed military and naval reviews and were 
deeply impressed with the power of the nation. 

At the palace of St. James they were presented to the King and gave belts of 
wampum as pledges of friendship and fidelity. 



32 




AGITATIONS for free speech and popular government occurred in New 
York at the same time as in Boston. There were some very significant oc- 
currences in New York before Boston defined her position. It is time that 
our city should take pride in her fight for freedom and no longer believe there was 
no Cradle of Liberty other than Faneuil Hall. 

The first hard battle for free speech occurred here in the old City Hall, which 
stood at the foot of Nassau Street. John Peter Zenger, editor of the Weekly Journal, 
criticized the governor, William Cosby, freely and made him wince. 

Zenger was imprisoned, refused paper and pen, and his journal ordered 
burned by the hangman. The populace would not allow it, but finally the paper 
was burned by a servant. 

At the trial, on the 4th of x^iugust, 1735, before Chief Justice Delancey and asso- 
ciates, Zenger's attorneys, James Alexander and William Smith, filed exceptions to 
the commissions of the judges and were forthwith debarred. The trial stirred the 
city to its depths. Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, eighty years old, then ap- 
peared as counsel for Zenger. Bradley, as the attorney-general, was prosecutor. 

The chief justice announced that the defendant had confessed to the publication 
complained of; the jury had only to decide if it were libelous, and that being a 
question of law they might leave it to the court. The jury revolted and brought in a 
verdict of "not guilty." 

Thus, on the very spot where Washington became president, was a verdict ren- 
dered based on the principles later put forth by his government. 



33 





FROM 1764 to 1769 Sir Henry Moore was governor of New York. He was 
succeeded by Governor Golden. 
About this time the famous bill authorizing stamp duties on all legal instru- 
ments used in the colonies was introduced in parliament; the amount varied from 
three cents to thirty dollars. 

The flames of resentment burned furiously in New York. Golden, then acting 
governor, endeavored to suppress the excitement. The associations called Sons 
of Liberty were organized and a committee to write to the several colonies on the 
subject of the oppressive measure was appointed. 

In the spring of 1765 the Stamp Act became a law and words of defiance were 
uttered everywhere in the colonies. On the ist of November, when the law became 
ojjerative, open opposition was offered. The agent in New York in fear refused 
to receive the paj)er when it arrived from England and it was stored in the fort. 
The populace demanded the delivery of the stamped paper to them. The demand 
was refused. An orderly procession was formed. It soon became a mob and the 
effigy of the governor was hanged on the spot where Leislcr had been executed 
seventy-five years before. Dragging Golden's fine coach from the fort and tearing 
down the wooden railing at Bowling Green they ])iled all together and made a 
bonfire of the whole. The populace then parsLded the streets with copies of the 
Stamj) Act raised upon poles, with the words, "England's folly and America's 
ruin." Later the act was rej)ealed and the news was received with the ringing of 
bells and general rejoicing. 



34 




THE English colonists were essentially a home people and eminently able to 
support themselves without assistance from others. The middle classes 
owned their own farms and worked on them themselves. The men tilled 
the fields, tended the stock and supplied the food and raw material for clothing. 
The wife was, above all else, a home body. Her education lay not so much in "book 
learning" as in the practical affairs of life. She and her daughters would milk 
the cows and tend the chickens and pigs, but above all else they were proficient 
in carding, spinning and weaving the wool from which the clothes of the family were 
made. 

The float is designed to give an idea of the average home about the period of the 
Revolution. In the house two women of the family are shown spinning preparatory 
to the weaving of the material for clothing for the household. At the same time 
they keep the babies quiet by rocking the old-fashioned cradle with their feet. 

The master of the house is just returning from the hunt with his manservant 
leading the dogs, which have been used to find the game. Near him is the old 
negro mammy, who acted as nurse to himself and now to his children. 

The large open fireplace is typical of those days when ranges were unknown, and 
all cooking was done over an open fire. The fireplace was very large. At one side 
was generally found a bench, on which two or more could seat themselves and keep 
warm during the cold winters. With no furnaces or stoves to heat the house, 
the importance of the family hearth can readily be recognized and it was the 
gathering place of the family at evening. 



35 




THOMAS DONGAN, Earl of Limerick, whose name will always be associated 
with the famous Dongan Charter of New York City, was appointed gov- 
ernor in 1682. His predecessor, Sir Edmund Andros, who ruled New York 
for about seven years, had kept peace with the Indians, crushed religious enthusiasts 
and established many wholesome regulations ; but he was imperious and despotic, 
and asserted with firmness the power of his master, the Duke, within the chartered 
limits of his territory. Meanwhile, the Duke heeded the advice of his friend, 
William Penn, and the appeals of New Yorkers to give the people more liberty, and 
found a more enlightened and able man for his purpose in Dongan. The latter was 
a Roman Catholic, enterprising and active, a "man of integrity, moderation and 
genteel manners." 

Under instructions Dongan ordered an election of a General Assembly of repre- 
sentatives of the people, not to exceed eighteen in number. They were to assist 
the governor and council in passing laws for the good of the colony, subject to the 
right of the Duke to review and veto. The Assembly was allowed free debate, 
and thus New York first shared in the colonial political authority. 

It was a notable event when, on October 17, 1683, the first General Assembl\" 
met at the City Hall and were addressed by the governor, whose sympathies were 
with the popular desires. They sat three weeks and passed fourteen acts, all of 
which were accepted. The first act was The Charter of Liberties and Privileges, 
granted by James II to the inhabitants of New York. None of the intolerance and 
bigotry of the New England charters appeared in this "Charter of Liberties." 



i 



3t) 



-^-*»rrr*'?«^?I«^^FSfr? 




THE history of Yonkcrs begins with the purchase of this region from the 
Indians by the Dutch West India Company in 1639. Here, at the mouth 
of the Nepperan River, was the Indian village of Nappeckamak. In 1645 
Jonkheer x'\drian van der Donck acquired the site by grant and purchase and it 
became known as De Jonkheer's Landt, since corrupted to Yonkers. In 1672 
Frederick Philipse acquired an interest in this property, which he increased and ex- 
tended until in 1693 his possessions extended unbroken from Spuyten Duyvil 
Creek to the Croton River. In the latter year this property was erected into a Manor. 

Many writers claim that the oldest part of the Manor Hall at Yonkers was built 
in 1686, but the date of its erection is uncertain. It is very old and was probably 
erected before the Eighteenth century. Its owners li\-cd in pretentious style for 
their day, and cultivated tastes were everywhere in evidence in the arrangement of 
the grounds and immense gardens, which stretched to the river front. 

It was in this Manor House that the wedding of the beautiful Mary Philipse to Roger 
Morris took place in January, 1758. The marriage was a magnificent affair, long 
remembered throughout the country. Tradition has coupled Washington's name 
with Mary Philipse as a suitor, but there is no evidence that he ever proposed marriage. 

The Philipse property was confiscated after the Revolution. After passing 
through many ownerships the Manor House became the Village Hall in 1868 and 
later the City Hall. In 1908 the late Mrs. William F. Cochran gave the money by 
which it was purchased and given to the State as an historic monument, in the cus- 
tody of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 



37 




THE news of the battle of Lexington reached New York on April 24, 1775, 
and was the signal for open hostilities. The Sons of Liberty assembled, 
seized arms and distributed them. Business was at a standstill and the 
royal officials and troops stationed in the city were helpless. A provisional govern- 
ment was vested in a Committee of One Hundred. 

The incident portrayed here was only one of many episodes of this period. 
British troops were ordered to reinforce the royal force, rapidly becoming beleag- 
uered in Boston, and such was the state of affairs that permission had to be asked of 
the above Committee to allow the troops to embark. The permission granted did 
not allow them to carry any spare arms. 

Early on June 6, 1775, the troops began to march from their barracks (present 
City Hall Park), with several cartloads of spare arms. Willet, with a little knot of 
patriots, determined to prevent the removal of the arms, and on Broad Street they 
halted the British. To the commanding officer, Major Isaac Hamilton, Willet 
explained his action. The gathering crowd deprecated the act, but John M. Scott, 
a member of the Committee of One Hundred, exclaimed: "You arc right, Willet, 
the Committee has not given them permission to carry off any spare arms." The 
carts were, therefore, detained and the muskets were afterward used in arming the 
New York Colonial troops. To Marinus Willet should be given great credit for 
his bravery and patriotism at a critical period of the war. 

This event is commemorated by a tablet erected by the Sons of the Revolution at 
the corner of Broad and Beaver streets. 



iH^ 




ATA meeting held in New York, after the repeal of the Stamp Act, a petition 

/*% was signed praying the Provincial Assembly to erect a statue in honor of the 

"Great Commoner" Pitt. Pitt had been instrumental in Parliament in 

securing the repeal and was idolized by the people. The Assembly complied and 

also voted an equestrian statue of the King, George III. Both were erected in 1770, 

having been brought over from England in the same sailing vessel. 

The statue of Pitt was of marble, that of the King of gilded lead. Pitt's statue 
stood near Wall and William streets, while the King's was placed in Bowling Green. 

The float shows the Americans pulling down the statue of George III in 1776. 
It had no stirrups — a singular omission of the artist. The statue was hacked to 
pieces and melted into bullets for the American Army. The marble slab was 
later used as a tombstone for a British officer. The Revolutionists, in their 
hatred for the crown, destroyed almost every other visible symbol of royalty in 
the city, but overlooked the three feathers of the Prince of Wales, which were over 
the pulpit of St. Paul's Chapel and which remain to this day, having looked down 
on President Washington when he went to that church to supplicate the Almighty 
immediately after his inauguration. 

When the Loyalists controlled the city they mutilated the statue of Pitt by de- 
stroying its head. 

By a strange fatality the existing remnants of the statue of George III, with the 
slab on which it stood, now occupy a place in the same room with the mutilated 
statue of Pitt in the New York Historical Societv Building. 



39 




IN APRIL, 1776, the Continental Congress recommended that the colonies adopt 
such a government as would lead to the happiness and safety of the people. 
Toryism was yet strong in New York, but the people favored the movement b\- 
a large majority and elected a new convention. It assembled at White Plains in 
July to frame a State Constitution and to exercise all the powers of government until 
that duty was done. In August, 1776, the convention appointed a committee, of 
which John Jay was chairmian, to draft a constitution. From September, 1776, to 
February, 1777, the convention met in Fishkill and made progress in formulating 
the instrument. In the latter month the convention moved to Kingston. There the 
draft of the Constitution, in Jay's handwriting, was submitted on March 12, 1777. 

The Representatives were then sitting in a stone house on the corner of Main and 
Fair streets. This house escaped the flames when Kingston was burned by British 
incendiaries in the autumn of the same year. 

Under consideration for more than a month, action was suddenly taken upon it 
on April 20 in Air. Jay's absence at his mother's deathbed. 

On April 22 the Constitution was i)ublished, after the manner of the times, ])\- 
reading it to the members of the convention and to the people. For this latter jmr- 
jjose Robert Benson, the secretary, standing on a barrel in front of the court house in 
Kingston, read the document in his clear voice to the assembled multitude. 

Public affairs required a speedy organization of a State government, so that the 
l)rovisions of the Constitution were not submitted to the people at large but were 
ado[)ied by their Representatives only. 



4(J 




AFTER the battle of Monmouth, 1778, Clinton slipped away and sought 
refuge in New York. Washington posted his army accordingly and watched 
'^ the enemy, striving always to guard the Hudson to prevent the British sep- 
arating the colonies. 

In June, 1779, Clinton took possession of Stony Point and Verplanck Point and 
fortified them. These two points were connected by what was known as the King's 
Ferry, and Washington and his army crossed the Hudson more than once at this 
point. Its military importance can be only roughly realized at this day, as Clinton 
by such flank movements might soon control the Hudson. 

Having decided to check this movement Washington sent for Wayne and laid his 
plan before him. Tradition says that Wayne answered : " I will storm hell if you will 
plan it." This shows the confidence the army had in Washington. 

So on July 15, 1779, Wayne led about twelve hundred men secretly through a 
mountain pass to the neighborhood of Stony Point. Just before midnight he ap- 
proached the almost impregnable position of the British in three columns. The 
middle and left columns crossed a marshy strait by a narrow causeway. The right 
column, led by Wayne himself, waded the river up to their waists. At midnight the 
right and left columns, with fixed bayonets and unloaded muskets, carried the fort 
by storm, the only firing by the Americans being done by the middle column as a 
feint. 

It was one of the most gallant and brilliant feats of arms of the war. There 
Wayne won his name of "Mad Anthony." 



41 




BENEDICT ARNOLD commanded the post of West Point in 1780. In 1778 
he was in command at Philadelphia, but lived beyond his means. Tried by 
court martial he was sentenced to be reprimanded by Washington, which 
order was carried out in the gentlest manner. 

A deep sense of injury ever after possessed him, and finally led him to become a 
traitor to his country. Opening correspondence with the enemy he arranged to 
surrender the post at West Point, valuable to the Americans not only from its mili- 
tary position, but also on account of the quantities of food and stores assembled there. 

A personal interview was desired to effect Arnold's foul purpose and Major 
Andre was selected in behalf of the British to settle the details. Andre ascended the 
river in the sloop of war Vulture and met Arnold on shore at night not far below 
Haverstraw, on September 20, 1780. 

Day dawned, and the arrangements were completed at Joshua Hett Smith's 
house near Stony Point, within the American lines. All was now settled. Clinton 
was to attack West Point, and Arnold, after a show of resistance, would surrender. 
Meanwhile the Vulture had been dri\'en away by cannon shots from Croton Point. 

Andre, disguised in citizen's clothes, crossed the King's Ferry with a pass made 
out for John Anderson, signed by Arnold. Andre had concealed the plans of West 
Point in his stockings. Riding alone on the highway near Tarrytown he was halted 
by three militiamen — Paulding, Van Wart and Williams. Arousing suspicion he 
was searched and the telltale papers found. He was detained, tried and finally exe- 
cuted at Tappan on October 2, 1780. 



42 




THE American Army under Washington arrived at New Windsor, near New- 
burgh, in October, 1782, and went into winter quarters there. The troops 
erected a building sufficient to contain a brigade of troops and which was 
subsequently known as "The Temple.' It was completed and opened on the 
anniversary of the French Alliance, February 6, 1783. 

The portal of "The Temple" and sections on each side are shown on the float. 
In front are the officers discussing the founding of the Cincinnati. 

In this building, on ]\Iay 10, 1783, the Society of the Cincinnati was instituted by 
the officers of the American Army, among whom were Gen. William Heath, second 
in command of the Army, John Knox, Baron Steuben, Nathanael Greene, Horatio 
Gates and Anthony Wayne. Washington was not present, but later, like man\- 
other officers, subscribed to the document. 

This institution, founded in the tield after eight years of bloody warfare, was to 
perpetuate the mutual friendships which had ensued. To continue its organization 
the eldest son of members or of officers eligible to membership were entitled to join. 

The French officers who fought as allies were also constituted members. 

This society remains to the present time as it was promulgated by the officers of 
the American Army, and during its period of existence has appropriated hundreds of 
thousands of dollars for the relief of unfortunate members, their widows and 
children. The restriction of membership to the eldest son of the eldest son of an 
officer of our Revolutionary Army has made it one of our most select patriotic 
societies. 



43 




IN 1795 John Jay, the newly elected Governor of New York, arrived from 
England with a new treaty, rendered necessary by the repeated violations of 
the former treaty alleged by each nation against the other. 

This treaty, which bound the United States to a strict neutrality in all wars be- 
tween England and other nations, was denounced by the RepubHcan party as a 
shameful repudiation of the obligation due by the country to France, and President 
Washington was besought to refuse ratification. 

In New York the Federalists were the stronger in wealth, the Republicans in 
number. 

On July 18, 1795, a public meeting was called to consider the Jay treaty, and the 
Federalists resolved to present both sides of the question to the populace. A large 
crowd gathered in front of the City Hall to hear the arguments. 

Aaron Burr and Brockholst Livingston appeared as leaders of the opposition. 
Alexander Hamilton and Richard Varick stood for the Federalists and the treaty. 

The Federalists at first took the lead in the meeting, electing a chairman. Then 
they proposed to adjourn the meeting. The Republicans opposed this. A motion 
was made to leave the matter to the decision of the President and the Senate, and 
the question being taken, both sides claimed a majority. 

A scene of violence followed, whereupon Hamilton mounted the stoop of an okl 
Dutch house, which stood on the corner of Wall and Broad streets, and attempted 
to speak in defense of the treaty, when he was knocked down from where he was 
speaking and dragged through the street by the excited multitude. 



44 





MANY of the forms of punishment which were employed in New York in the 
early days arc now obsolete. The most terrible was burning at the stake, 
as was excmpliiled during the terror of 1741. For what was regarded a 
lesser degree of crime plain hanging was practised upon a gibbet, which when not 
in use was kept publicly exposed as a warning to evildoers. Imprisonments for 
various periods came next in severity. There were five other forms of punishment, 
however, adapted to lesser crimes, which depended for their efficacy less upon their 
duration and severity than upon the public ridicule to which the victims were sub- 
jected. The most painful of these was the whipping post, to which the culprit was 
tied while he was publicly flogged. In the old Fort Amsterdam which stood at the 
foot of Bowling Green military malefactors were punished by being compelled to 
"ride the wooden horse" — a mild form of torture about equivalent to "riding the 
rail." Corporal Hans Stein was thus punished in 1639 for neglecting duty to ffirt 
with an Indian woman. In 1648 private Jonas Jonasen, for robbing hen roosts, 
was condemned to work chained to a wheelbarrow. More uncomfortable and 
ridiculous than actually painful was punishment in the pillory or in the stocks, 
which were erected in suggestive proximity to the gibbet. Least painful and most 
ridiculous of all was the ducking stool, reserved for common scolds in New York 
as well as elsewhere. The ducking stool was variously constructed, but consisted 
essentially of a long crossbeam, like a well sweep, to one end of which was attached 
a seat. In the latter was placed the culprit, who was repeatedly ducked into some 
body of water, by the side of which the apparatus was conveniently erected. 



45 





THE election of our first President was done very quietly, as there was no op- 
position. The eyes and hearts of all instinctively turned toward Washing- 
ton as the fittest man to guide the Ship of State on its first perilous voyage. 
He received every vote of the electoral college. John Adams was chosen \'ice- 
President. 

The Continental Congress having designated New York as the capital, the City 
Hall on Wall Street, at the foot of Nassau Street, was fitted up for the use of the 
national legislature. 

The new Government was to have been organized on ]March 4, 17S9. That 
auspicious day was greeted with the ringing of bells and booming of cannon, but 
owing to the horrible condition of the roads but few members of Congress were 
present. It was April 6 before a quorum was assembled, and the two houses j)ro- 
ceeded to count the electoral vote for President and \'ice-President. 

The Vice-President-elect reached New York on April 21 and General Washing- 
ton two days later. His journey from Mount Vernon was a continuous ovation. 
At Elizabcthport he was met by a committee from Congress and conveyed in a barge 
to the foot of Wall Street, where he was welcomed by the authorities, and in pro- 
cession he was conducted to the oflicial residence in Cherry Street, near Franklin 
Square, then the fashionable part of the city. 

At noon, April 30, the City Troop escorted Washington from this house to the 
City Hall, and there, on the balcony, the oath of oftke was administered to him by 
Chancellor Livingston. 



^ 



4tj 




IN THESE modern days of automatically propelled vehicles, when the gradual 
disappearance of the horse from the streets of the metropolis seems to fore- 
shadow the time when the form of that useful animal will be seen only in the 
product of the museum taxidermist's art, the old coach of Colonial days is a veritable 
curiosity. 

The Beekman coach used by Washington was a beautiful specimen of coach 
architecture, with its curving lines and decorative embellishments. Washington 
generally traveled on horseback. He was so much at home in the saddle that 
man and beast seemed to be one creature — a veritable centaur. On state occasions, 
however, he condescended to the luxury of coach riding. On April 30, 1789, when 
he was escorted from the first Presidential Mansion on Cherry Street to the Federal 
Hall, to be inaugurated as first President of the United States, the center of the 
procession was occupied by the "President-elect in a chariot drawn by four horses." 
Five and a half months later, when he made the first formal Presidential progress to 
Boston and New Hampshire, he set out in his own chariot, drawn by four handsome 
horses and attended by his two personal secretaries, Tobias Lear and ]\Iajor 
Jackson, on horseback. This mode of travel was less comfortable and less expedi- 
tious than the modern steam and electric train, with its sleeping, dining and parlor 
accommodations, but it was certainly more picturesque. The float representing 
Washington's coach, therefore, reminds the beholder not only of our national hero, 
but also recalls the more leisurely-going Colonial period, when men did not try to 
crowd into one lifetime the energy and achievements of two or three. 



47 




NATHAN HALE is known to every American as the author of the famous 
phrase, " I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." He 
uttered this sentiment when, just before he was to be shot as a spy, he was 
asked if he had any statement to make. It was a fitting close to an intensely patri- 
otic life. 

Nathan Hale was born at Coventry, Conn., in 1750, and studied at Yale College, 
graduating with high honors in 1773. He taught school until the outbreak of the 
Revolution, first at East Haddam, till March of 1774, and then at New London till 
July I, 1775, when he became a first heutenant in a Connecticut regiment. His first 
service was in charge of a recruiting station at New London, then he took part in the 
siege of Boston and was promoted shortly afterward, first to captain-lieutenant and 
later formally commissioned a captain in the regular Continental sers'ice. 

Shortly after he went to New York with Heath's brigade. 

Early in September he volunteered to visit Long Island and New York to secure 
some much-needed information regarding the enemy, and which could only be 
secured by a spy within its lines. Disguising himself as a Dutch schoolteacher he 
entered the British lines, obtained the desired information, and was all ready to 
return when, on the night of September 21, he was recognized as an enemy and 
captured. 

He was given no consideration and no time, but was shot the following morning. 
His requests for a Bible and minister were denied him, and farewell letters which he 
wrote, to be sent to his relatives, were burned before his eyes. 



48 




\ > 



t 



ON NOVEMBER 25, 1783, the British troops were withdrawn from New 
York City and the American army took possession. During the next 
few days the Commander-in-Chief was tendered many receptions. On 
December 4 Washington bade farewell to his officers in the Long Room of 
Fraunces' Tavern at Pearl and Broad streets. Col. Tallmadge, describing the 
scene, says : 

"We had been assembled but a few moments when His Excellency entered the 
room. His emotion, too strong to be concealed, seemed to be reciprocated by every 
officer present. After partaking of a slight refreshment in almost breathless silence 
the General filled his glass with wine and turning to the officers said : ' With a heart 
full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your 
latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious 
and honorable.' After the officers had taken a glass of wine the General added : 
' I cannot come to each of you, but shall feel obliged if each of you will come and 
take me by the hand.' General Knox, being the nearest to him, turned to the 
Commander-in-Chief, who, suffused in tears, was incapable of utterance but grasped 
his hand, when they embraced each other in silence. 

"In the same affectionate manner every officer parted from his Commander-in- 
Chief. Washington now left the room and proceeded between lines of soldiers to 
his barge at the foot of Whitehall Slip, embarked and, taking off his hat, waved a 
final farewell to the assembled multitude." 

Fraunces' Tavern is preserved by the Sons of the Revolution. 



49 




AC CORDING to Washington Irving's tale Rip Van Winkle, an intemperate 
r\ but good-natured Dutchman, and his dog Wolf wandered off into the 
Catskills for a day's shooting. Night came on and before turning home- 
ward Rip threw himself down to rest upon a grassy knoll above a rocky precipice. 
Looking down into the shadowy glen he saw a strange figure dressed in ancient 
Dutch fashion toiling up the mountain side, bending under the weight of a 
huge cask. Rip followed him to an opening in the mountains, where a company of 
quaint personages were playing at bowls. The latter invited Rip to drink with 
them, and he had no sooner tasted the liquor than he fell into a deep slumber, from 
which he woke to fmd that he had slept for twenty years. 

In time Rip's adventures became the talk of the village, whose oldest inhabitant 
affirmed that it was a fact, handed down from his ancestor, the historian, that the 
Catskill Mountains had always been haunted by strange beings; that it was 
affirmed that Henry Hudson, the discoverer of the river and country, kept a kind of 
vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the Half Moon, being permitted in 
this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise and keep a guardian eye upon the 
great river called by his name ; that his father had once seen them in their old Dutch 
dresses playing at ninepins in a hollow of the mountains, and that he himself had 
heard one summer afternoon the sound of their balls, like distant peals of thunder. 

This is probably the most famous legend of the Hudson Valley and has been 
particularly endeared to the American people by the impersonation of the title 
character by the late Joseph Jefferson in the play of "Rip Van Winkle." 



50 






SLEEPY HOLLOW is a charming vale just north of Tarrytown through 
which runs the Pocantico River. It was a favorite haunt of Irving. 

The church at Sleepy Hollow, erected by the Lord of the Manor of 
Philipse, is the oldest church in this part of the country. Irving, in one of his 
deftly drawn sketches, has given us the legend of the locality. 

Ichabod Crane, a New England schoolteacher, aspired to the hand of Katrine, 
daughter of Baltus Van Tassel, and in so doing incurred the rivalry of Brom Bones. 
After feasting at Van Tassel's fireside homestead tales of eerie things were told, not 
the least spookish being Brom Bones's adventure with a headless horseman. As 
Ichabod, heavy hearted, pursued his way homeward among the lofty hills above 
Tarrytown all the tales of ghosts and goblins which he had heard now crowded 
upon his imagination. He passed through a wooded glen known as Wiley's Swamp 
and approached with thumping heart the rough log bridge which spanned the 
stream. Just then, in the shadow of the grove, he beheld something huge and mis- 
shapen, which, with a scramble and a bound, jumped into the middle of the road. 
An instant later Ichabod with horror saw in relief against the sky a gigantic traveler 
muffled in a cloak. The horseman was headless but carried his head in his hand ! 

The bridge was in sight, with the church beyond, and dispelled Ichabod's fears. 
Spurring over the bridge Ichabod looked behind, hoping to lose his ghostly visitor. 
But no ; the goblin, rising in his stirrups, hurled his head at him. 

The next day Ichabod's horse returned home without his saddle. Ichabod was 
never found. 



51 




T 



MODERN PERIOD 

(HIS car introduces the historical floats depicting scenes in the United States 
and Modern Period. The growth of the Commonweahh during this 
period cannot adequately be portrayed in a short pageant like this, and 
only a few salient events have been selected. Of the subjects presented by the 
city's history in this period there can be no doubt of the cardinal importance of 
the two relating to the Hudson Ri\er — the inauguration of steam navigation and 
the opening of the Erie Canal. Both of these achievements had a powerful et'fect 
upon the commerce of the city of New York and contributed immeasurably to 
its upbuilding. Their effect, however, was more than local. While in one sense 
they increased the im])ortance of the Hudson River, yet in another they diminished 
it, for by lengthening its water communications to the Great Lakes on one side 
and by facilitating its ocean communications on the other, they have made the 
river a comparatively short link of 150 miles in the longer route by which the 
products of the West are carried from lakes Superior and Michigan to Europe. 

Many men contributed to the success which was fmally achieved in the 
successful establishment of steam navigation, and many men contributed to the 
success of the then stuj)endous j)roject of building the Erie Canal, but those 
who contributed most to those two achievements are the two men whose names 
are sj)ontaneously recalled by the sight of the representations of the Clermont and 
the canal boat — Robert Fulton and De Witt Clinton. 




ROBERT FULTON was born on November 14, 1765, in Little Britain, Pa., 
but his family moved to Lancaster, Pa., when he was three years old. There 
he went to school and developed two traits seldom found in one person — the 
love of art and of mechanics. Known publicly for his mechanical genius his ability 
as an artist is overlooked. No one who visits the exhibit of his works held at 
The New York Historical Society can fail to be impressed with his many-sided 
character. 

Studying in England and France, his inventions in steam navagation and torpedo 
warfare attracted wide attention. Napoleon is said to have regretted, when a 
captive on his way to St. Helena, that he had accepted the views of others as to the 
practicability of Fulton's inventions. 

The science of torpedo warfare dates from his inventions. In 1807, aided 
financially by Chancellor Livingston, he had constructed in New York a vessel to 
be propelled by side paddle wheels driven by steam. No detailed plans of the boat 
remain and even its size is uncertain, but sufficient data exists to reconstruct the 
ship in all essentials. He named the boat after Chancellor Livingston's country 
seat, Clermont. 

On August 17, 1807, there appeared in the newspaper an advertisement which 
stated that the Clermont would sail on that day for Albany, On that date the 
steamer started without a hitch, her uncovered paddle wheels splashing water all 
over the decks. On her return, on the 21st, the populace doubted that the trip 
had been made to Albanv and back. 



53 




OF THE achievements of Fulton, that which is known least about is probably 
the fact that he 0])erated the second steam ferry across the Hudson River. 
His boat ran from Cortlandt Street to Jersey City, and was started five years 
after the Cknnonl had first steamed up the Hudson. John Stevens, of Hol^oken, 
who navigated the Hudson with a steamboat a few days after Fulton, anticipated 
him in the ferry business by starting a ferry in October of i8i r. 

Fulton's account of his ferry is interesting. He says : " It crosses the river, which 
is a mile and a half broad, when it is calm, in fifteen minutes; the average time is 
twenty minutes. She has had in her at one time eight four-wheeler carriages, 
twenty-nine horses and one hundred passengers, and could have taken three hun- 
dred persons more." 

The boat consisted of two hulls, each 80 feet long and of 10 feet beam, separated 
by a space of 10 feet. The paddle wheel was in the space between the hulls, j)ro- 
tected from ice and collision. She was arranged so that she could run both ways, 
ha\ing a balanced rudder at either end. 

Fulton also devised the ferry bridge landing almost precisel\- as it exists to-day. 

Fulton's estimate of the cost of running a ferryboat for one year was very 
moderate compared with the ex])ense of running a modern ferry. His estimate 
for running one boat one year in i8ro was $4,160, while it costs $192,908 a year 
on the average to run one of the municij)al ferryboats between Manhattan Island 
and Staten Island. The develojjment of the ferry system is indicated by the 
fact that in 1907 all the ferries of New York City carried 2 if), 932, 549 passengers. 



.34 




^i 



t\FAYETTE had revisited the scenes of war and his beloved Washington in 
1 784. Returning to his home he bore a noble part in the French Revolution, 
yet was forced to flee to Austria, where he was imprisoned and only set free 
by Napoleon after his victories. 

After forty years, or in 1824, he conceived the wish to revisit the United States. 
A vessel was placed at his disposal by the x'\merican Government, but he declined, 
as he wished to come as a private citizen. He took passage with his son, George 
Washington Lafayette, on a packet, and the ship anchored off Staten Island on 
August 15, 1824. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President of the United States, who resided on Staten 
Island, called and persuaded Lafayette to spend the night with him. 

The next day a brilliant naval procession proceeded to Staten Island and dressed 
ship in his honor. Lafayette was taken by surprise, but found the nation insisted on 
his being their guest. A steamship took him aboard and with salvos of artillery he 
landed at the Battery, now the Aquarium, then connected with the mainland by a 
bridge. First reviewing the military he was escorted to the City Hall, where the 
mayor made an address, assuring him he was the city's guest. He was then driven 
to the City Hotel, at the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, and feted in many 
ways. In September, 1825, he returned home in the United States frigate Brandy- 
wine, named after the first battle in which he fought for our nation's liberty and 
in which he received his first wound. Lafayette scorned titles and always 
wished to be known as "Washington's friend." 




THE great canal which traverses the State of New York from the Hudson 
River to Lake Erie is 363 miles long. 

Who first conceived the grand idea of wedding the Great Lakes and 
the beautiful river is an unsolved problem. Perhaps it was Washington, who gave 
early attention to canal development. Perhaps it was Joel Barlow, the poet, who as 
early as the year 1787 gave to the world his "Vision of Columbia," in which he saw : 

Canals, long winding, ope a watery flight, 
And distant streams, and seas and lakes unite. 

In the spring of 181 7 the Legislature authorized the beginning of the construction 
of the canal. 

The middle section, extending from the Seneca River to Utica, including a 
branch from Syracuse to Onondaga Lake, was navigable in 1819. The great work 
was completed in 1825, and the first boat — The Seneca Chief — with Governor De 
Witt Clinton on board, passed from Lake Erie to the Hudson late in the autumn 
of that year. The original cost of the canal was over $9,000,000. It was a little 
over eight years in building. The State is now spending over Sioo,ooo,ooo in 
enlarging it. 

The effect of the opening of the canal upon the prosperity of New York City was 
very marked. Before the canal was built New York ranked second in size to Phila- 
delphia. \\"\\\\ the increased commerce, which came largely as the result of the 
building of the canal. New York became the metropolis. 

For the building of the canal the State is indebted to De Witt Clinton more than 
to anv other individual. 



56 




BEFORE the introduction into large cities of the supply of water by pipes, 
and when steam had not yet been applied to portable engines, the old 
hand fire engine occupied an important position. 

Volunteer organizations of necessity, the fire companies "ran with the ma- 
chine" when the alarm was sounded by the clanging of bells. 

The "engine" consisted of a pump manned by men who exerted their power on 
long hand levers projecting on each side of the machine and raised and lowered 
alternately. As many as ten or fifteen could work on each lever arm at a time. 
At first the water was pumped from a cistern on the machine, kept filled by buckets — 
later from cisterns or from the city hydrants. By the modern high-pressure system 
in lower New York fire engines may be dispensed with in that section. 

The machine shown here is an exact reproduction of one actually used in New 
York previous to the year 1850 and still carefully preserved by the veteran firemen 
in their headquarters in Fifty-ninth Street. 

Marching with this float, as an escort, in their old dress uniform, and manning 
it as they did of old, are the veteran firemen, whose post of duty was that of danger 
and not of show. 

Often we hear of the chiefs of the department, who undoubtedly deserv'e praise, 
but seldom is the individual private singled out for his share of praise. This 
is as true to-day as of old. Should this display arouse enthusiasm for our "fire 
laddies" of former days, to have a proper history written of their exploits, it will 
have served its part. 




WITH subways under the streets of New York, and tubes connecting the 
business center with New Jersey and Brooklyn, it requires some imagi- 
nation to carry one back to 1830, when the first rapid transit in the shape 
of a coach or omnibus Hne started in New York, New York had then not extended 
northward beyond Houston Street. In 1836 Kipp and Brown started their well 
known line of busses, and from that date on until 1886, when Broadway was torn 
up for a cable line, new lines and routes increased. 

Street car lines threatened their existence, but, being drawn by horses and con- 
fined to tracks, were often subject to delays which a stage could avoid. In winter 
the cars were practically useless when heavy snow blocked the way. 

Our fathers relate that winters were more severe in their youth — perhaps the 
days when the omnibus was abandoned and the old four-horse sleigh substituted as 
the common carrier may have unduly impressed them. On those days the snow 
was not removed by the street-cleaning department. Wheeled vehicles were rare 
after the first heavy snowfall, and the sleighing lasted longer. 

Then it was that the familiar stage with its jolly driver, who gave change through 
an opening behind him and whose attention was attracted by a strap which at one end 
w'as attached to the door and at the other passed under his foot, would give up his 
coach for the jolly sleigh shown on the float. 

Sleighriding in New York City is now an almost unknown indulgence, partly 
because less snow falls than in former years, partly because when it does fall it 
is necessary to remove it from the streets at once to facilitate traffic. 



58 









^ 



GIUSEPPE Gx\RIBALDI, the Italian patriot and liberator, was born in 
Nice, July 4, 1807. His father was a sailor, and the son adopted the 
father's calling. At the age of twenty-three he commanded a brig. About 
this time he became interested in the Italian national movement, which became 
the absorbing passion of his life. In 1833 ^^ ^^^ Mazzini and other leaders of 
Young Italy. Involved in the outbreak in Genoa in 1834 he was condemned to 
death, fled to France, then went to sea. In 1848 he joined the uprising in northern 
Italy against Austria and next year joined the revolutionary movement in Rome. 
After the retreat of 1849 ^^ ^^^1 ^^'^'^^'' ^''is wife to America and resided in voluntary 
exile at Clifton, Staten Island. At Clifton he was the guest of Antonio Meucci (the 
inventor of the telephone, as the United States Supreme Court declared against 
Mr. Bell) and helped him in manufacturing candles. 

Garibaldi never spoke about Italy and her lamentable conditions, and when 
questioned he always answered: "To free Italy it is necessary to act and not to 
speak." From the United States he sailed twice for China and Peru. Some capi- 
talists of Genoa having bought the ship Commonweallh in Baltimore, Garibaldi 
took the command and returned to Europe. When at Clifton he was still suffer- 
ing from a wound in the neck inflicted at the battle of San Antonio, Uruguay, when 
fighting for the liberty of that South American colony. 

On his return to Europe he went to London, where he met again the great agi- 
tator, Mazzini, and took part in all the battles for the freedom and independence 
of Italv. 



59 





THE water supply in New York, up to and after the Revolution, came princi- 
pally from seven city pumps, which was not at all satisfactory or healthful. 
In 1799 the Manhattan Company secured a charter for supplying the city 
with water and "other business." Banking was their object in reality, but as a pre- 
tense they erected a tank at the corner of Reade and Elm streets, which was supplied 
with water from dug wells and from the Collect Pond. The water was distributed 
in wooden pipes. 

In December, 1835, occurred the big fire in New York, causing the enormous 
loss, for those days, of over eighteen millions of dollars. A plan to draw water from 
the Croton River had been proposed that year, but the cost seemed excessive. It 
was put to vote and carried by a large majority. 

A dam was built across the Croton River, making a basin holding five hundred 
million gallons of water. To carry the water to the city an aqueduct was con- 
structed, which was carried over the Harlem River on that beautiful "High Bridge" 
in large iron pipes to the reservoir in (now) Central Park and a distributing reservoir 
on Murray Hill, where the Public Library has been erected. 

In 1842 the work was so far completed as to admit water to the city. On Octo- 
ber 14 a monster demonstration and parade were made. In City Hall Park, where 
the United States Postoffice now stands, was a huge fountain, playing over sixty 
feet high. The procession passed here, marching down Broadway and turning up 
Park Row, and was one of the largest ever known. At the banquet in the evening 
no wines were offered, only Croton water. 



60 





SOON after the establishment of the French Repubhc in 1870, M, Laboulaye 
suggested a memorial to the United States to show the relations of friendship 
between the two nations ever since the beginning of the American Revolution 
of 1776. 

The expression of feeling was to take the form of a colossal figure of Liberty 
Enlightening the World, to be placed in New York Harbor. 

The sculptor selected was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, who designed the statue 
of Lafayette now in Union Square. On his visit in 1876, for the formal unveiling 
of the Lafayette statue, he selected Bedloe's Island as the most appropriate site for 
his statue of Liberty. 

The design for the pedestal was that of Richard M. Hunt. Popular subscriptions 
to erect the pedestal were called for, the gift having been made by voluntary offerings 
of the French, and after a few setbacks the required sum was obtained. 

On June 17, 1885, the bronze plates composing the figure arrived in New York 
on the French transport Isere. National honors were rendered, and on October 
28, 1886, when the figure was formally accepted, the French and American nations 
vied with one another to give due honors. 

The unveiling was seen by few, owing to the inclement weather, but the naval 
parade, together with the military and civic functions, gave evidence of the deep 
feeling that the Americans had for their friends of a sister republic. 

The statue is now a government lighthouse, welcoming all foreigners to our 
shores. 



61 





SYMBOLIC of New York, as the Puritan is of Boston and the Quaker of 
Philadelphia, we now see Father Knickerbocker receiving the salutations 
of those nations whose sons have come to these shores. 

With benignant smile and ready welcome the Empire State is here represented 
as welcoming all those foreign nationalities who in large numbers flock to our 
shores and under our laws, recognizing that Liberty does not spell "License," are 
prepared to become members and patriots of "the land of the free and the home 
of the brave." 

The name Knickerbocker is derived from Diedrich Knickerbocker, the alleged 
author of "Knickerbocker's History of New York," written by Washington Irving. 
He was represented as a quaint, pedantic old Dutch character, who mysteriously 
disappeared, leaving behind him a manuscript which purported to give "A History 
of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty." 
The book was published in 1809 after a very clever piece of advertising calculated 
to excite the public curiosity, the advertisements calling attention to the disappear- 
ance of Knickerbocker. The history was designed to satirize Dr. Samuel ^Mitchell's 
pretentious guide book, but as a matter of fact was a satire on the Dutch and was 
bitterly resented by them. As there was no standard, authentic history of New 
York at the time, many people accepted Irving's whimsical production as a true 
picture of the founders of New York. In the same innocently whimsical vein in 
which Irving conceived his character, Father Knickerbocker has been popularly 
adopted as the patron saint of New York. 



62 



Carniijal ani ^tetorical paraUeg Committcf 

Mr. Herman Ridder, Chairman 



Mr. Herbert Adams 
Mr. B. Altman 
Col. Andrew D. Baird 
Mr. August Belmont 
Hon. William Berri 
Mr. George C. Boldt 
Hon. David A. Boody 
Mr. Alexander F. Bouvet 
Hon. George C. Clausen 
Hon. John Diemer 
Hon. Reginald S. Doull 
Hon. Frank L. Dowling 
Hon. Robert F. Downing 
Mr. George Ehret 
Mr. William Temple Emmet 
Mr. Frank L. Frugone 
Mr. Henry Fuehrer 
Hon. Patrick F. Flynn 
Mr. Frank S. Gardner 
Mr. T. Greidanus 



Hon. John D. Gunther 
Mr. .^.rthur H. Hearn 
Mr. Theodore Henninger 
Mr. Colgate Hoyt 
Hon. Wm. P. Kenneally 
Hon. Francis P. Kenney 
Gen. Horatio C. King 
Hon. Gustav Lindenthal 
Mr. Frank D. Millet 
Hon. John J. F. Mulcahy 
Hon. Arthur H. Murphy 
Mr. William C. Muschenheim 
Hon. Percival E. Nagle 
Hon. Lewis Ni.xon 
Mr. Eben E. Olcott 
Mr. William Church Osborn 
Mr. Bayard L. Peck 
Hon. Cornelius A. Pugsley 
Mr. Louis C. Raegener 
Hon. James W. Redmond 



Hon. David S. Rend 
Mr. Carl J. Roehr 
Mr. Jacob H. Schiff 
Hon. Joseph Schloss 
Hon. George J. Schneider 
Dr. Gustav Scholer 
Mr. John Schroers 
Mr. Oscar R. Seitz 
Mr. Louis Seligsberg 
Mr. William Sohmer 
Mr. James Speyer 
Hon. Louis Stern 
Hon. Timothy P. Sullivan 
Mr. Charles Swanson 
Mr. C. Y. Turner 
Mr. J. Leonard Varick 
Hon. Jacob J. Velten 
Mr. Edmund Wetmore 
Mr. Charles B. Wolffram 
Mr. Vincent W. Wovtisek 



l|)t£ttancal Committee 

Mr. S.amuel y. Hoffman, Chairman 



Hon. Theodore M. Banta 
Hon. John D. Crimmins 
Mr. Winchester Fitch 



Mr. William Homan 
Mr. Clarence E. Leonard 
Hon. Townsend Scudder 



Hon. Theodore H. Silkman 
Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke 
Hon. John S. Wise 



Captain of paffeantrj) 

Mr. a. H. Stoddard 



Mr. B. A. Wikstrom 



T>t6isntvti of JFIoatB 

Mr. M. K. Nash Mr. A. Sestac Mr. Joseph Damon 



Utetorical pageant 



The Historical Parade will be composed as follows, with bands of music interspersed: 

Mounted and unmounted Police; Hon. George B. McClellan, Mayor of Xew York, and Mr. Herman 
Ridder, Chairman of the Carnival and Historical Parade Committee; (jrand Marshal, Major-General 
Charles F. Roe, and StatT; marching Irish, Italian, Bohemian, Hungarian and Polish Societies; Her- 
alds, and the following floats and escorts: 




I — Title Car of Empire St.\te 

Escort, Norwegians. 

2 — Title Car of Indian' Period 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 

3 — Legend of Hiawatha 

Characters Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 

4 — The Five Nations 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 

5 — The First S.a.chem of the Iroquois 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 

6 — Season of Blossoms 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; (-ifoW. Tammany Society. 

7 — Season of Fruits 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Tammany .Society. 

S — Season of Hunting 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Tammany Society. 

Q — Season of Snows 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort. Tammany Society. 

lo — Indian War Dance 

Characters, Iroquois Indians; cjcor/, Tammany Society. 



Marching Italian and Irish Societies. 

II — Title Car of Dutch Period 
12 — The Half Moon 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

13 — Fate of Henry Hudson 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

-First Vessel of Manhattan 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

15 — Purchase of Manhattan 

Characters, United Holland Societies 

16 — Bronck's Treaty with the Indians 

Characters, United Holland Societies; escort, United 
Danish Societies. 

-Reception of Peter Stuyvesant 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

18 — Bowling on Bowling Green 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

ig — Governor Leisler and the Huguenots 

Characters and escort. Huguenot Society, 

20 — The Dutch Doorway 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

21 — New Amsterdam Becomes New York 

Characters, United Holland Societies. 

2 2 — St. Nicholas 

Character. United Holland Societies; escort. Children 
of the City History Club. 



14 



17 



Marching Iri.sh Societies. 

23 — Title Car of Colonial Period 

Escort, English Societies. 

24 — Schuyler's Indians .\t the Palace of 
St. James 

Characters and escort. Society of Colonial War?. 
Marching Scotch Societies. 

25 — Trial of John Peter Zenger (1734) 

Characters and escort. United Scotch Societies. 

26 — The Stamp Act 

Characters and escort. Junior Order of American Me- 
chanics. 

27 — Colonial Home 

Characters and escort. Patriotic Order of Sons of 

America. 
Marching Irish Societies. 



28 — Governor Dongan and the Dongan 
Charter 

Characters and escort. United Irish Societies. 

29 — Philipse Manor House 

30 — Exploit of Marinus Willet 

Characters and escort, Sons of the Revolution. 

31 — Destruction of Statue of George III 

Characters and escort. Sons of the .\merican Revolution. 

32 — Publishing the State Constitution 

Characters and escort, Sons of the American Revolution. 

^;^ — Storming of Stony Point 

Characters, Founders and Patriots of America; escort, 
.■\merican Continentals. 

34 — Capture of Andre 

Characters, descendants of Paulding and \'an Wart, 
two of the captors. 

35 — Order of the Cincinnati 

Characters and escort. Order of the Cincinnati. 

36 — Hamilton's Har.-^ngue 

Characters and escort, Columbia University Students. 

37 — Old-Time Punishments 

Characters and escort. Patriotic Order of Sons of .Amer- 
ica. 

38 — Washington Taking Oath of Office 

Characters and escort, Washington Continental Guard. 

39 — Washington's Coach 

Characters and escort. Sons of the American Revolution. 

40 — Nathan Hale 

Characters and escort. College of the City of New York 
Students. 

41 — Washington's Farewell to His Officers 

Characters and escort. Sons of the Revolution. 

-Legend of Rip Van Winkle 

Characters, City History Club. 

43 — Legend of Sleepy Hollow 



42 



44 — Title Car: United St.^tes and Modern 
Period 

Marching Irish Societies. 

45 — The Clermont 

Characters and e.'tcort. United Irish Societies. 



—Fulton's Ferry 

Characters and escort. United Scotch Societies.. 



-Reception of Lafayette 

Characters and escort. United French Societies. 

-Erie Canal Boat 

Characters and escort. United Irish Societies. 
Marching Veteran Firemen. 

49 — Old Fire Engine 

Characters and e!;corl, Exempt and \'olunteer Fire- 
men's Associations. 

-Old Broadway Sleigh 

Characters United Danish Societies. 
Marching Italian Societies. 

-Garibaldi's House, Staten Island 

Characters and escort. United Italian Societies. 
Marching Colored Men. 

52 — Introduction of Croton Water 

Escort, United Syrian Societies. 

53 — St.a.tue of Liberty 

Characters and e.'tcort. United French Societies. 

54 — Father Knickerbocker Receiving 



50 



51 



64 



OFFICIAL PROGRAM 

Consisting of 32 pages, size 9^ x 12, giving authentic informa- 
tion regarding the purposes of the Celebration and a full program of 
the events taking place each day. Containing, also, illustrations of 
all the floats used in the Historical and Carnival Parades. Cover 
in seven colors, illustrating the " Half Moon " and " Clermont." 

Price, postpaid, 25 Cents per Copy 

CARNIVAL PAGEANT SOUVENIR 

Consisting of 64 pages, size 4^ x 6i/^, illustrating the fifty 
floats of the Carnival Parade with a descriptive sketch of the subject 
portrayed. Cover in seven colors. 

Price, postpaid, 10 Cents per Copy 



REDFIELD BROTHERS, Inc. 311 West 43d Street, New York 

Sole Authorized Publishers of the above books 
for The Hudson -Fulton Celebration Commission 



i 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




I III III I Hi III nil Hill I 

014 109 717 9 C, 







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